Biology: Species, Taxonomy and Animal Features

Biological Species Definition

• The definition depends on reproductive isolation between two organism groups.
• It does NOT depend on geographical distribution, anatomical/developmental differences, or adaptation differences.

Incorrect Statements

• Cephalochordates possess a nerve cord but lack a distinct brain.
• Herdmania and Branchiostoma respectively belong to Urochordata and Cephalochordata classes.
• Sea urchins possess five strong teeth that produces the Aristotle lantern.
• A mesoglea is present between the outer and and inner cell layers of coelenterates

Twin Characteristics of Growth

• Increase in mass and increase in the number of individuals are considered twin.

Male Scoliodon Distinguishing Feature

• Male Scoliodon can be identified via claspers presence

Numerical Taxonomy

• Based on statistical methods

Molluscs Eye Structure

• Molluscs possess an eye on a stalk called an ommatophore

Incorrect Nomenclature Rule

• Biological names are generally derived from Latin and written in italics.
• First word represents genus
• First word denoting the genus starts with a capital letter
• Both words are underlined during handwriting

Establishing Phylogenetic Relationships

• Comparison of component sequences in proteins and nucleic acids is the most recently developed method

Species Determination

• Two plants belong to the same species if they can reproduce freely and form seeds.

Matching Columns

• Choanocytes - Porifera
• Cnidoblasts - Coelenterata
• Flame cells - Platyhelminthes
• Nephridia - Annelida
• Comb plates - Ctenophora

Taxon Definition

• Taxon refers to a formal grouping at any taxonomic level

Malpighian Tubules

• Excretory organs of a cockroach

Tautonyms: Correct Statements

• Generic name is repeated as specific name.

Prokaryotic Fimbriae and Pili

• Fimbriae and pili are NOT more structurally similar to eukaryotic flagella, instead they are similar to prokaryotic flagella.
• They assist prokaryotes in adhering to a surface, to each other, and function in conjugation.

Correct Statements about Taxon

• Taxon is a taxonomic group of any rank.
• The term "taxon" was introduced by ICBN.

Abundant Internal Membranes

• Present in photosynthetic bacteria

Matching Columns: Taxonomy

• Classical taxonomy - Old systematics
• Practical taxonomy - Utility of organisms
• Natural taxonomy - Natural similarities amongst organisms
• Chemotaxonomy - Presence/absence of chemicals in cells/tissues

Pteridophyte Life Cycle

• Prothallus represents the gametophytic phase

Correct Statement

• The term 'systematics' was coined by AP de Candolle.
• Organisms of closely related species represents genus

Function of Botanical Garden

• Botanical gardens allow ex situ conservation of germplasm

Matching Columns: Plants

• Chlamydomonas - Algae
• Cedrus - Gymnosperm
• Psilotum - Pteridophyte
• Sphagnum - Moss

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Relationship

• Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron has a commensal relationship with the human body.

Gram Positive vs Gram Negative Bacteria

• The main difference lies in their cell walls.

Chloragogen cells

• Similar to vertebrate liver cells

Biological Concept of Species

• The concept was formulated by Mayr.

Archaeal Characteristics

• Do not have peptidoglycan

Cockroach Circulatory System

• In cockroaches, circulatory system is open and heart is neurogenic.

Matching Columns

• Largest Herbarium - Royal Botanical Garden, Kew
• Largest Botanical Garden of Asia - Indian Botanical Garden, Sibpur
• First Botanical Garden - Pisa Botanical Garden, Italy

Rhabditiform

• This is a term used for larva of Ascaris.

Absent in Eukaryotic Cells

• Nucleoid with a circular chromosome

Prokaryotes in Great Salt Lake

• Extreme halophiles are the prokaryotes found inhabiting the Great Salt Lake.

Correct Statements

• Whittaker classified organisms based on autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.
• In five-kingdom classification, prokaryotic/eukaryotic cells are divided based on their structure.
• Biological classification is the scientific ordering of organism groups with morphological and evolutionary relationships.

Respiratory Enzymes in Bacteria

• Found in the plasma membrane

Heterocyst Role in Cyanobacteria

• Heterocysts carry out only nitrogen fixation.

Bioremediation Method for Methanogens

• Decomposing waste in a sewage treatment facility.

Entamoeba Histolytica Difference

• It lacks a contractile vacuole.

True Statement

• Unicellular eukaryotic organisms were placed in the kingdom Protista.
• All prokayotic organisms were grouped together under kingdom-monera
• Members in soil, on logs, in living plants bodies are the class-Basidiomycetes

Bridging Evolutionary Gap: Euglenoids

• Many carry on photosynthesis, have flagella and lack a cell wall

Red Tides

• Dinoflagellates cause red tides

Incorrect Statements

• Echindoderm adults have radial sysmmetry
• Parapodia are lateral appendages used in swimming
• Ctenophores are diploblastic
• Radula are structures involved in excretion
• Aschelminthes are dioecious

Shared Characteristics of Diatoms, Algae

• All are autotrophs

Pheretima Characteristic

• The typhlosole greatly increases the effective absorption area of digested food in intestine

Harvested for Algin and Carrageen

• Brown and red sea weeds

Characteristics

• Normally oviparous, development through tornaria larva are Mollusca features
• Body divided into head, thorax and abdomen (Arthropoda) is for respiration via tracheae

Spirogyra

• Lateral conjugation takes place in homothallic species

Fasciola Hepatica

• A temporary canal appears known as Laurer's canal

Plasmodial Slime Moulds

• Plasmodium is undivided by membranes has many diploid nuclei, therefore, it isn't technically multicellular

Scientific/Common Names

• Lepisma is a silverfish, not a cuttlefish.

Structures for Taking in Carbon Dioxide

• Stomata

Flame Cells

• Excretory Organ present in Planaria

Moist Environments: Ferns and Mosses

• The sperms are swimming

Gametophyte Dependence

• In seed plants, the sporophyte is large and the gametophyte is small and independent

Correct Option

• The 'dots' under the fern frond are the spore cases so it is a sporophyte

Polymorphism

• Mollusca exhibits highest degree of polymorphism

Fern Gametophytes

• Free-living and multicellular

Rhagon

• Type of canal system found in sponges

Plant Vascular Tissue

• Xylem conducts water/minerals, pholem conducts organic molecules

Heterosporous Plants Production

• Megaspores develop into female gametophytes, microspores into male gametophytes.

True for Seed Plants

• Is the sporophyte size

Dependent on Sporophyte

• Is the gametophyte

True Statement

• True coelom is in triploblastic animals
• Cell aggregate body plan is found in phylum-Aschelminthes Pseudocoelom is only found in phylum-Aschelminthes

Ancestors Evolution

• Were spores

Phylums

• Are porifera

Animal Protists

• Animals are protists with specialised cells

Fertilization on Fungus

• Fertilisation occurs mycelium, dikaryotic cells fuse

Lichens in Soil

• Lichens are important starters for forming soil

Plant Fungi Shared

• Plants fungi are multicellular and all are held together by structural proteins

Characteristics on column

• Algaes are heterotrophic
• Animals are photosynthetic and have true tissues

Adaptations on Algae

• Photosynthetic

Red Algae

• All species has alternation of generations

Symmetry of Arthorpods

• Have arthropod structure

Evidence from land plants

• Algae does have plants with algae

Alternation of Generations

• Spore is the key to reproduce the Alternation of Generations

Multiciliate SpermatoZoids

• Spermatozoids are located

Plant Species are Unique

• Lack true tissues

Gametangia

• Single Celled

Charactertistics

• Don't have Charactertistics

Reproduction on Moses

• Spores are asexual

Moss Spore

• Haploid, are haploid cell

Development on Animals

• Cleavage leads to Blastures

Coloumn

• Column

Notes on species definition based on reproductive isolation. Covers identifying features in chordates such as Scoliodon. Touches on molluscs, numerical taxonomy, and some incorrect zoological statements.