Biology: Species and Speciation

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Questions and Answers

What is the key criterion that defines a species?

  • A group of individuals with similar physical characteristics
  • A group of individuals that share the same habitat
  • A group of individuals that are genetically identical
  • A group of individuals that can reproduce in nature and produce fertile offspring (correct)

What is the term for the process of forming a new species?

  • Natural selection
  • Evolution
  • Adaptation
  • Speciation (correct)

What is the main difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?

  • The type of traits that emerge
  • The presence or absence of a physical barrier (correct)
  • The number of individuals involved
  • The speed at which speciation occurs

What can happen to an isolated population that leads to speciation?

<p>It evolves into a new species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of reinforcement in speciation?

<p>It strengthens the barriers that prevent mating between populations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis of sexual selection in speciation?

<p>The choices individuals make to mate based on traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of hybrid organisms being selected against in a population?

<p>They become more susceptible to predation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if a species becomes separated geographically?

<p>The populations may evolve to find different traits favorable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of allopatric speciation?

<p>The formation of a new species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation in terms of population isolation?

<p>The presence or absence of a physical barrier (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of ecology?

<p>The study of natural systems and living organisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What level of ecology focuses on the traits of individual organisms and their contribution to the species' life history?

<p>Organismal ecology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the unique and specific role an organism plays in its ecosystem?

<p>Niche (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of factors typically affect population density in an ecosystem?

<p>Both density-dependent and density-independent factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a food chain and a food web?

<p>A food chain shows only one chain of interactions, while a food web shows multiple chains (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the flow of energy from one trophic level to the next in an ecosystem?

<p>Trophic cascade (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a density-independent factor?

<p>Weather (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the first level of consumers in a food chain or web?

<p>Primary consumers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the place suitable for a particular organism to live?

<p>Habitat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of all living organisms on Earth and their impact on the planet?

<p>Biosphere ecology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next?

<p>10% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is biotic potential?

<p>The rate at which a species reproduces under ideal conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limits the growth of a population?

<p>Environmental resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the carrying capacity of an ecosystem?

<p>The maximum number of organisms an environment can support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can reduce the maximum carrying capacity of an ecosystem?

<p>Limiting factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of symbiosis is beneficial to one species but not the other?

<p>Parasitism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of the evolutionary development of animal behavior?

<p>Behavioral ecology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do animals defend a territory?

<p>Due to environmental pressure and limited resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an evolved behavior in response to environmental pressure?

<p>Territoriality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the community of animals, plants, and other organisms that live in the same area?

<p>Ecosystem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why certain traits are attractive in a specific environment?

<p>They are beneficial for the survival of the species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors is an example of kin selection?

<p>Donating a kidney to a family member (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of social child raising in species like humans?

<p>Strongest chance at survival (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is alpha diversity a measure of?

<p>The number of species in an ecosystem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of researchers studying genetic biodiversity?

<p>To study the variation in genetic material within an ecosystem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a stable ecosystem?

<p>High diversity and an abundance of species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of biodiversity loss?

<p>A combination of human activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an ecosystem?

<p>To provide a habitat for living organisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the disturbance of an ecosystem due to natural causes?

<p>Natural disturbance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of altruism in social groups?

<p>Increased survival and reproductive rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism that leads to allopatric speciation?

<p>Geographical isolation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when there is no physical separation in the population, but selective pressures cause a divide between organisms?

<p>Sympatric speciation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of ecology?

<p>The study of life and interactions between organisms and their environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when a population becomes reproductively isolated from its parent population?

<p>Formation of a new species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis of reinforcement in speciation?

<p>Hybrid sterility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of all living organisms on Earth and their impact on the planet?

<p>Biosphere ecology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What level of ecology focuses on traits of individual organisms and their contribution to the species' life history?

<p>Organismal ecology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can occur if an isolated population has new environmental conditions and new traits emerge?

<p>Formation of a new species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the place suitable for a particular organism to live?

<p>Habitat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between sympatric and allopatric speciation?

<p>Presence or absence of geographical barriers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of reinforcement in a population?

<p>Speciation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique and specific role an organism plays in its ecosystem?

<p>Niche (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of factors typically affect population density in an ecosystem?

<p>Density-dependent factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism that leads to sympathy speciation?

<p>Selective pressures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a food chain and a food web?

<p>Food chains only show one single chain of interactions between organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between sexual selection and reinforcement in speciation?

<p>Type of selective pressures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can occur when hybrid organisms are selected against in a population?

<p>Reduction of genetic variation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the complex interconnected interactions between all food chains within an ecosystem?

<p>Food web (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the flow of energy from one trophic level to the next in an ecosystem?

<p>Energy flow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an ecosystem?

<p>To sustain life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why certain traits are more likely to be selected in a specific environment?

<p>Because they are most beneficial for survival and reproduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of social child raising in species like humans?

<p>It represents the strongest chance at survival (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is biodiversity a measurement of?

<p>The variation within living systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between beta diversity and gamma diversity?

<p>Beta diversity measures the variation in species within an ecosystem, while gamma diversity measures the total number of species across all ecosystems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a stable ecosystem with high diversity?

<p>It can rebound quicker and experience less damage from negative events (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of researchers studying genetic biodiversity?

<p>The variation in genetic material within an ecosystem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of altruism in social groups?

<p>It increases the survival and reproductive rates of individuals and groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the decline of biodiversity?

<p>A combination of human activities such as deforestation, fishing, drainage of wetlands, and pollution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of a natural disturbance in an ecosystem?

<p>It results in an unbalanced ecosystem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is kin selection an example of?

<p>Donating a kidney to a family member (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next in an ecosystem?

<p>10% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the carrying capacity of a species in an ecosystem?

<p>Environmental resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a population exceeding its carrying capacity?

<p>Resources become severely limited (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the evolutionary development of animal behavior?

<p>Behavioral ecology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an evolved behavior in response to environmental pressure?

<p>Territoriality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why species do not normally meet their full biotic potential?

<p>Limited resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the maximum number of living organisms that an environment can support?

<p>Carrying capacity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that limits the growth of a population?

<p>Environmental resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a limiting factor that can reduce the maximum carrying capacity of an ecosystem?

<p>Availability of food and water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the number of individual species in an average population size that is sustainable?

<p>Carrying capacity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the author's main point in the passage about ninjas and pirates?

<p>Ninjas are superior to pirates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the topic of the passage about games?

<p>The value of games in children's development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the author's point of view about children's games?

<p>Games are useful for children's development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the evidence or proof in an argument?

<p>To provide supporting reasons for the main argument. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the topic of a passage about?

<p>What the passage is about (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the author's reasons in the passage about ninjas and pirates?

<p>To provide evidence for the main argument. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the topic and the argument in a passage?

<p>The topic is the general subject, while the argument is the author's point of view. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the argument of a passage?

<p>The author's point of view about the topic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the author's main point in an argument?

<p>To express the author's opinion on the topic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do passages on the same topic have in common?

<p>The same topic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of identifying the author's argument and evidence in a passage?

<p>To identify the author's main point and supporting reasons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of an argument in a passage?

<p>It's always debatable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be said about the three passages about global warming?

<p>They all have the same topic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point of the passage 'Pirates vs. Ninjas'?

<p>The question of which is cooler has been debated for ages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to distinguish between the topic and the argument of a passage?

<p>To become a better reader and answer questions on standardized tests (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Understanding Topic and Argument

  • The topic of a passage is what the passage is about
  • The argument of a passage is the author's point of view about the topic
  • The argument is also known as the main claim or thesis
  • The argument is something debatable, and if it's not debatable, it's not an argument
  • Passages on the same topic can make different arguments

Examples of Topic and Argument

  • Example 1: Pirates vs. Ninjas passage
    • Topic: competition for cool points between pirates and ninjas
    • Argument: ninjas are cooler than pirates
  • Example 2: The Value of Games passage
    • Topic: games
    • Argument: games are a valuable way to spend time and are not just a waste of time

Identifying Argument and Evidence

  • Finding the argument of a passage is useful, but many test questions ask for more
  • Test questions may ask for the kinds of information or evidence the author brings up in support of the argument
  • The support or evidence is part of the argument, and authors typically provide reasons to prove their point
  • To identify the evidence or proof, complete the sentence: "In [author's discussion of topic], the author argues that [argument] because [evidence]"

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