Biology Reproduction and Flowering Plants
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Questions and Answers

What is the result of CO2 concentration exceeding a certain point in photosynthesis?

  • Photosynthesis rate decreases due to enzyme denaturation
  • Photosynthesis rate continues to increase indefinitely
  • Plants optimize energy release through increased respiration
  • Photosynthesis rate reaches a plateau and becomes a limiting factor (correct)

    • Which nutrient is responsible for increasing biomass in plants?

  • Calcium
  • Potassium
  • Nitrates (correct)
  • Phosphates

    • What is a significant disadvantage of using insecticides?

  • They can be ineffective against pests
  • They are often toxic to other organisms in the food chain (correct)
  • They do not provide immediate results
  • They can be expensive and unmanageable

    • What advantage does biological control have over chemical pesticides?

    <p>It targets specific species of pests (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to enzymes in photosynthesis when the temperature exceeds the optimum level?

    <p>They denature irreversibly, reducing photosynthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reproduction results in genetically identical offspring?

    <p>Asexual reproduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the anther in a flower?

    <p>To produce male gametes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure of the flower is responsible for catching pollen?

    <p>Stigma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the process of germination in seeds?

    <p>Water absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic composition of a zygote?

    <p>Diploid with 46 chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of flower distributes pollen mainly via insects?

    <p>Insect-pollinated flower (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of flower structure?

    <p>Chloroplast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Test Tube B in the germination experiment?

    <p>Seeds remained dormant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of amylase in plant seedlings?

    <p>To break down starch into glucose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the testicles play in the male reproductive system?

    <p>They synthesize sperm and testosterone. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for fertilization in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Oviduct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does estrogen play a crucial role?

    <p>Follicular phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do plants naturally reproduce using runners?

    <p>By cell division from the parent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the cervix in the female reproductive system?

    <p>To protect the developing fetus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of growth hormones in artificial plant reproduction?

    <p>To stimulate root development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What changes occur during the menstrual cycle to prepare for pregnancy?

    <p>Development and thickening of the uterine lining. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Amylase function

    Amylase breaks down starch into glucose for energy during seedling growth via aerobic respiration.

    Natural plant reproduction (runners)

    Plantlets grow from parent plant, developing roots and forming an identical copy.

    Artificial plant reproduction (cuttings)

    Cutting a plant part, sterilizing it, growing it in a special dish, using hormones to stimulate roots, then transferring to soil.

    Male Reproductive Organ

    Produce sperm used in sexual reproduction

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    Sex gland (Male)

    Produces fluids, nutrients, and mucus forming semen with sperm cells

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    Female Reproductive Organ

    Produce ovum (egg) to be used in reproduction

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    Menstrual Cycle Duration

    Roughly monthly cycle, starts at puberty and ends at menopause

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    Role of Estrogen

    Essential for puberty, menstrual cycle, pregnancy, bone health, and body functions

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    Sexual Reproduction

    Reproduction involving the combination of two sex cells (gametes).

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    Asexual Reproduction

    Reproduction from a single parent, creating genetically identical offspring.

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    Gamete

    A sex cell (sperm or egg) containing half the genetic material of a regular cell.

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    Fertilization

    The fusion of male and female gametes.

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    Zygote

    The cell formed by the fusion of two gametes; it contains a full set of chromosomes.

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    Flower structure (general)

    Features of a flower, including sepals, petals, stamens, stigma, style, and ovule.

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    Seed Germination

    The seed develops into a new plant.

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    Requirements for seed germination

    Water, Oxygen , Nutrients, and Temperature are needed for seed to sprout

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    CO2's effect on photosynthesis

    Increasing CO2 levels in a greenhouse initially boosts photosynthesis, but eventually it plateaus as the plants reach a maximum rate. This means that even with more CO2, photosynthesis won't increase beyond a certain point.

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    Temperature's effect on photosynthesis

    Increasing temperature in a greenhouse can enhance photosynthesis up to a certain point, as it provides optimal conditions for enzymes involved in the process. However, exceeding that point can denature the enzymes, harming the plant and reducing photosynthesis.

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    Fertilizers: Nitrates

    Nitrates, a key component of fertilizers, increase plant biomass by providing essential nitrogen, which is crucial for building new plant tissue.

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    Fertilizers: Phosphates

    Phosphates, another fertilizer ingredient, boost plant growth by increasing respiration. This means the plant can utilize energy more efficiently for its development.

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    Pesticides: Fungicides

    Fungicides are chemicals used to kill fungi that could damage plants. They offer a quick and effective way to control fungal infections.

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    Study Notes

    Reproduction

    • Sexual Reproduction: Two sex cells (gametes) from each parent fuse to form a zygote. Offspring are not identical.
    • Asexual Reproduction: One parent produces genetically identical offspring (clones). This happens via mitosis.
    • Fertilisation: Fusion of haploid gametes (23 chromosomes each) to form a diploid zygote (46 chromosomes). The zygote then develops via mitosis into an embryo.

    Flowering Plants

    • Flower Structure:
      • Sepals: Protect the unopened flower.
      • Petals: Attract pollinators (brightly coloured).
      • Stamens: Male part (filament and anther).
        • Filament: Supports the anther.
        • Anther: Produces pollen (male gametes).
      • Pistil: Female part (stigma, style, ovule).
        • Stigma: Sticky surface to catch pollen.
        • Style: Connects the stigma to the ovule.
        • Ovule: Contains female reproductive cells.

    Pollination

    • Insect Pollinated Flowers: Flowers that use insects to transfer pollen.
    • Wind Pollinated Flowers: Flowers that use wind to transfer pollen.

    Seed Germination

    • Germination is the process where a seed emerges from dormancy and begins to sprout.
    • Water absorption triggers hormone production (amylase), breaking down starch into glucose for growth via aerobic respiration. This continues until photosynthesise can support growth

    Plant Reproduction

    • Natural Reproduction (Runners): Specialized cells form new plants.
    • Artificial Reproduction (Cuttings): Selected tissue is sterilized, planted, and treated with hormones that stimulate root development. The new plant is cloned and transferred to soil.

    Reproductive Systems

    • Male Reproductive System (Sperm Production): Organs responsible for sperm production.
      • Testis: Produces sperm and testosterone.
      • Urethra: Conducts semen outside the body.
    • Female Reproductive System (Egg Production): Organs responsible for egg production.
      • Ovary: Produces eggs and hormones (estrogen and progesterone).
      • Uterus: Organ for fertilisation and development of the embryo/foetus.
    • Placenta: Allows exchange of materials between mother and developing foetus.
    • Menstrual Cycle: Roughly monthly changes within the female reproductive system.

    Food Production (Crop Plants)

    • Glasshouses: Enclosed environments to grow plants in controlled conditions.
    • Polyethylene Tunnels: Similar to glasshouses but use a plastic material for enclosure. These methods promote greater yields via enhanced growth rates.
    • Effect of factors like temperature, carbon dioxide, and water on photosynthesis: These factors affect crop yields. Increased CO2 leads to enhanced photosynthesis while temperature issues can slow it.

    Pest Control

    • Pesticides: Chemical substances to control pests.
      • Fungicides: Control fungi
      • Herbicides: Control weeds
      • Insecticides: Control insects
    • There are advantages and disadvantages to using each type of pest control, with some leading to the development of pest resistance.

    Biological Control

    • Biological Control: An alternative method using other organisms to control pests.
    • This natural method has some advantages (not creating resistance, and not harming other organisms) but may result in slower effects.

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    Description

    This quiz covers fundamental concepts in reproduction, specifically focusing on sexual and asexual reproduction processes. Additionally, it explores the structure of flowering plants, detailing their components and roles in pollination. Test your knowledge on these essential topics in biology.

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