Biology Quiz on Helminths and Fungi

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Questions and Answers

Which of these statements about parasitic helminths is FALSE?

They are multicellular animals.

The adult stage is found in the intermediate host. (correct)

They can be monoecious or dioecious.

Their anatomy and life cycle are modified for parasitism.

What is the correct sequence of stages in the life cycle of a trematode (fluke)?

Miracidium -> Cercaria -> Metacercaria -> Redia -> Adult

Miracidium -> Redia -> Cercaria -> Metacercaria -> Adult (correct)

Cercaria -> Redia -> Miracidium -> Metacercaria -> Adult

Redia -> Miracidium -> Cercaria -> Metacercaria -> Adult

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cestodes (tapeworms)?

They have a complete digestive system. (correct)

They have a scolex (head) with hooks and suckers.

They can cause infections in humans.

They consist of a chain of proglottids.

Which of these pairs correctly identifies the definitive and intermediate hosts for the beef tapeworm?

Definitive Host: Humans, Intermediate Host: Cattle (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of infection for humans by hookworm?

Contact with contaminated soil (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective way to control vectorborne diseases?

Controlling or eradicating the vectors (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of roundworms (Nematoda)?

They are dorsoventrally flattened. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about helminths is TRUE?

Helminths are multicellular animals, and some are parasites of humans. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the asexual spores produced by Zygomycota called?

Sporangiospores (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a characteristic of anamorphic fungi?

They only produce asexual spores. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these correctly describes a similarity in the types of hyphae found in Ascomycota and Basidiomycota?

Both have septate hyphae. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fungal diseases affects hair, nails, and skin?

Cutaneous mycoses (D) Signup and view all the answers

What primary role does the fungal component play within a lichen?

It provides a holdfast for the lichen. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the typical thallus structure of multicellular algae?

Stipe, holdfast, and blades (A) Signup and view all the answers

What environmental conditions do fungi generally favor for growth?

Acidic, low-moisture, aerobic environments (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with dimorphic fungi?

They are yeastlike at 37°C and moldlike at 25°C. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of most fungi?

They act as decomposers. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of parasitic nematodes?

They may have infective eggs and larvae. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the filamentous mass that makes up the body of a fungus?

Mycelium (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of fungi called?

Mycology (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the infectious stage of Dirofilaria immitis for dogs and cats?

Infective larvae (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do fission yeasts reproduce?

Symmetrically through division (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided data, what is the most common pathogen associated with swimming that causes diarrhea?

Cryptosporidium (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of budding yeasts?

They divide asymmetrically. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic that distinguishes fungi from bacteria?

Presence of membrane-bound organelles (B) Signup and view all the answers

Conidiospores and ascospores are both types of fungal spores, how do they differ in their formation?

Conidiospores are formed externally on a structure, while ascospores are formed within a sac. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lists the sexual spores produced by the Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Basidiomycetes?

Zygospores, Ascospores, Basidiospores (C) Signup and view all the answers

Lichens are a symbiotic association between fungi and algae. Which of the following best describes the role of the fungus in this relationship?

To provide structure and protection. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do algae differ from fungi?

Algae use photosynthesis, whereas fungi utilize absorptive nutrients. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best differentiates protozoa from animals?

They are unicellular (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the parasitic protozoan Plasmodium, what is the definitive host?

The mosquito, where sexual reproduction occurs. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why are slime molds classified with amoebas and not with fungi?

They are phagocytic and move via pseudopods. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of algae are known to produce oxygen?

Photoautotrophic algae (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which class of algae is likely to be harvested for algin?

Brown algae (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is common to all protozoa?

Unicellular structure (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do diatoms primarily differ from other algae?

Their unicellular nature and silica cell walls (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the function of cysts produced by protozoa?

Provide protection during adverse environmental conditions (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of algae in aquatic ecosystems?

Function as primary producers (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Euglenozoa is accurate?

They lack mitochondria (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which protozoan group is known to have organelles for penetrating host tissues?

Apicomplexa (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of cellular slime molds?

They exist as individual amoeboid cells. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the relationship between male and female reproductive organs in certain helminths?

The male reproductive organs are in one individual and the female in another. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do lichens contribute to the environment?

By aiding in the chemical weathering of rock and soil. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protozoa is known for using flagella for locomotion?

Flagellates (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about Trichomonas?

It requires fast host-to-host transfer to survive. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a systematic classification of fungi?

Geological (A) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes plasmodial slime molds from cellular slime molds?

They exist as multinucleate masses. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of ingestion for certain protozoa?

Ingestion of food particles. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fungi

Mycology is the study of fungi
Fungi are increasingly found to cause serious infections
Fungi are aerobic or facultative anaerobic chemoheterotrophs
Fungi are commonly decomposers or parasites of plants and animals

Characteristics of Fungi

Fungi have filaments called hyphae, which form a mycelium
Yeasts are unicellular fungi, reproducing by fission or budding
Budding yeasts form pseudohyphae
Dimorphic fungi are yeastlike at 37°C but moldlike at 25°C
Fungi are classified based on rRNA

Medically Important Phyla of Fungi

Zygomycota have coenocytic hyphae and produce sporangiospores and zygospores
Ascomycota contain septate hyphae and produce ascospores and conidiospores
Basidiomycota are septate and produce basidiospores, sometimes conidiospores

Fungal Diseases

Systemic mycoses affect multiple organs
Subcutaneous mycoses are infections beneath the skin
Cutaneous mycoses affect hair, nails, and skin
Superficial mycoses affect superficial skin cells
Opportunistic mycoses occur in immunocompromised individuals

Economic Effects of Fungi

Fungi are used in food production (e.g., Saccharomyces, Trichoderma)
Fungi are used for biological pest control
Mold spoilage of fruits, grains, and vegetables is common
Fungi can cause plant diseases

Lichens

Lichens are a symbiotic relationship of an alga (or cyanobacterium) and a fungus
The alga provides carbohydrates, while the fungus provides a holdfast
Lichens colonize diverse environments
Lichens are classified as crustose, foliose, or fruticose morphologically

Algae

Algae are unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular, mostly aquatic
Algae are photoautotrophs
Multicellular algae have structures like a stipe (stalk), holdfast, and blades
Algae reproduce asexually and sexually

Selected Phyla of Algae

Brown algae (kelp) are harvested for algin extraction
Red algae grow deeper in the ocean than other algae
Green algae store starch and have cell walls with cellulose
Diatoms have silica cell walls and can produce neurotoxins
Dinoflagellates produce toxins, causing shellfish poisoning and ciguatera

Roles of Algae in Nature

Algae are primary producers in aquatic ecosystems
Planktonic algae produce most atmospheric oxygen
Petroleum is a fossil from planktonic algae
Algae are symbionts in some animals, like Tridacna

Protozoa

Protozoa are unicellular, eukaryotic chemoheterotrophs, often found in soil and water, or in animals
Protozoa have vegetative forms called trophozoites
Protozoa reproduce asexually (fission, budding, schizogony) and sexually (conjugation in ciliates)
Protozoa have cysts for survival in adverse conditions
Some protozoa have complex cells with structures like a pellicle, cytostome, and anal pore

Medically Important Phyla of Protozoa

Archaezoa, with flagella but no mitochondria
Microsporidia, which lack mitochondria and microtubules
Amoebozoa contain amoebas like Entamoeba and Acanthamoeba
Apicomplexa have apical organelles (for host penetration)
Ciliophora move with cilia (Balantidium is an example)
Euglenozoa have flagella but lack sexual reproduction (e.g., Trypanosoma)

Slime Molds

Cellular slime molds are amoeboid and ingest bacteria
Plasmodial slime molds are multinucleated and feed on organic matter

Helminths

Multicellular animals, some parasitic to humans
Helminths have modified anatomies for parasitism
Adults typically found in the definitive host; larvae often in intermediate hosts
Helminths can be monoecious or dioecious

Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

Flattened dorsoventrally, some lack a digestive system
Trematodes are flukes with suckers for attachment
Cestodes are tapeworms with a scolex and proglottids

Nematodes (Roundworms)

Have a complete digestive system
Include pinworms, Ascaris, hookworms, and Trichinella

Arthropods as Vectors

Jointed-legged animals, including ticks and insects
Arthropods that carry diseases are called vectors

THE LOOP

Study questions and review guide to aid in studying
Chapter divisions for various focuses
Detailed discussions of diseases of fungi, protozoa, and helminths in Part 4

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Description

Test your knowledge on parasitic helminths and fungi with this quiz. It covers various characteristics, life cycles, and roles within ecosystems. Perfect for students exploring microbiology and parasitology.