Biology Quiz on Cell Structure and Function

A rigid outer layer that provides support and protection to the prokaryotic cell.

A gelatinous layer surrounding the cell wall of some bacteria, providing protection and helping the bacteria adhere to surfaces.

Small, circular DNA molecules found in the cytoplasm of some bacteria, separate from the main chromosome. They carry genes that can provide advantages, such as antibiotic resistance.

Whip-like structures that help bacteria move around.

Hair-like structures on the surface of bacteria, used for attachment to surfaces and other bacteria.

Small, RNA-containing particles responsible for protein synthesis.

Infoldings of the plasma membrane in prokaryotes, increasing the surface area for cellular processes like respiration and photosynthesis.

The main DNA molecule in a prokaryotic cell, located in the cytoplasm and containing the cell's genetic information.

A male sex cell that has a head containing the nucleus with genetic material, a midpiece containing mitochondria for energy, and a tail called a flagellum for movement.

A reaction that occurs when a sperm cell reaches the egg cell, releasing enzymes from the acrosome to break down the zona pellucida, allowing the sperm to penetrate the egg.

A process in which the egg cell releases enzymes after fertilization, causing the zona pellucida to thicken and prevent the entry of other sperm cells.

The fusion of the male sperm nucleus and the female egg nucleus, leading to the formation of a zygote.

One DNA molecule, consisting of coding DNA (genes) and non-coding DNA, associated with proteins called histones.

A pair of chromosomes that carry the same genes in the same order, one inherited from the mother and one from the father.

A sex cell that has only half the number of chromosomes as a normal body cell.

Having only one set of chromosomes.

A cell that can divide into any type of cell, creating a complete organism.

These cells can divide into any type of cell found in an organism, but not a complete organism.

Cells with the ability to produce a limited range of cell types that are related.

An undifferentiated cell that can divide and differentiate into specialized cells.

A fully developed cell with a specialized function.

The process where homologous chromosomes line up randomly on the midline of the cell during meiosis I, resulting in different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes in daughter cells. This contributes to genetic variation.

The stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows, increases its organelle content, and replicates its DNA.

The first stage of interphase, where the cell grows in size, increases its organelle content, and accumulates energy.

The second stage of interphase, where the cell replicates its DNA, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete set.

The third stage of interphase, where the cell prepares for mitosis by replicating its centrioles, forming spindle fibers, and replicating mitochondria and chloroplasts.

The process of nuclear division, where one nucleus becomes two nuclei, resulting in two identical sets of chromosomes.

The division of the cytoplasm, which follows mitosis, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

The first stage of mitosis, where chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles migrate, and spindle fibers form.

A specific variation of a gene.

The specific location of a gene on a chromosome.

The observable characteristics of an individual, like eye color or height.

The combination of alleles for a particular gene that an individual possesses.

Conditions caused by the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors.

The study of genes, their inheritance, and how they contribute to variation.

The study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence itself.

Addition of acetyl groups (-COCH3) to histone proteins. This makes DNA less tightly coiled around histones, allowing transcription factors and RNA polymerase to access the DNA, leading to gene transcription and expression. This process is generally less permanent than DNA methylation.

Removal of acetyl groups from histone proteins. This causes the DNA to coil more tightly around histones, making it inaccessible to transcription factors and RNA polymerase. This prevents gene transcription and expression.

Addition of methyl groups (-CH3) to DNA. This generally makes the DNA coil more tightly around histones, reducing the accessibility of the DNA to transcription factors and RNA polymerase, preventing transcription and expression of the gene. This process is typically more permanent than acetylation.

Removal of methyl groups from DNA. This allows the DNA to uncoil, making it accessible to transcription factors and RNA polymerase, allowing for gene transcription and expression.

Describe a general trend in the data, using specific words like 'increases', 'decreases', 'remains constant', 'higher than', 'lower than'.

Identify different sections of the data where the trend changes, and highlight points of interest (e.g., highest, lowest, same as...).

Use values from the table or graph to make your description precise and accurate. Use a ruler to check values and remember to understand the scale of the graph.

Compare different data points using comparative words like 'more than', 'less than', 'higher', 'lower', 'the same as'. Quantify the difference when required (e.g., 'There is an increase of ...').