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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic feature of Paramecium's locomotion?
What is a characteristic feature of Paramecium's locomotion?
- It swims by beating its cilia (correct)
- It moves through the use of muscle contractions
- It uses pseudopodia for movement
- It relies solely on flagella for propulsion
Which of the following describes how Paramecium reacts upon encountering an obstacle?
Which of the following describes how Paramecium reacts upon encountering an obstacle?
- It expands its body to bypass the obstacle
- It only moves backward without stopping
- It instantly stops and then changes direction (correct)
- It continues moving forward regardless
What type of organism is Paramecium classified as?
What type of organism is Paramecium classified as?
- Multicellular organism
- Eukaryotic tissue
- Prokaryote
- Single-celled organism (correct)
What is the advantage of cephalization in organisms?
What is the advantage of cephalization in organisms?
Which statement about the function of the brain in organisms is correct?
Which statement about the function of the brain in organisms is correct?
What aspect of Paramecium allows for its sophisticated behavior?
What aspect of Paramecium allows for its sophisticated behavior?
How do specialized sensory organs benefit organisms with a brain?
How do specialized sensory organs benefit organisms with a brain?
Which statement about ganglia in humans is accurate?
Which statement about ganglia in humans is accurate?
What does the ability to retain information about the environment imply for an organism's survival?
What does the ability to retain information about the environment imply for an organism's survival?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with organisms that possess a nervous system?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with organisms that possess a nervous system?
What activates the secondary effect of the reversal response in paramecium?
What activates the secondary effect of the reversal response in paramecium?
What is the relationship of the concentration gradient to the passive channel when Catt flows inside paramecium?
What is the relationship of the concentration gradient to the passive channel when Catt flows inside paramecium?
What is the total amount of water in a standard adult male according to the content?
What is the total amount of water in a standard adult male according to the content?
How much extracellular fluid is present outside the cells in a standard adult male?
How much extracellular fluid is present outside the cells in a standard adult male?
Which component of bodily fluids accounts for the intravascular fluid volume?
Which component of bodily fluids accounts for the intravascular fluid volume?
What can be inferred about the purpose of life on Earth according to Yartsev?
What can be inferred about the purpose of life on Earth according to Yartsev?
Which of the following terms describes the fluid found between cells in the body?
Which of the following terms describes the fluid found between cells in the body?
What type of response does Catt entering paramecium induce regarding collision?
What type of response does Catt entering paramecium induce regarding collision?
What is the primary characteristic that differentiates serum from plasma?
What is the primary characteristic that differentiates serum from plasma?
Which statement accurately describes interstitial fluid?
Which statement accurately describes interstitial fluid?
What happens to the blood after coagulation?
What happens to the blood after coagulation?
Compared to plasma, what is a significant difference in the composition of interstitial fluid?
Compared to plasma, what is a significant difference in the composition of interstitial fluid?
Which of the following best describes plasma?
Which of the following best describes plasma?
What does the composition of serum indicate about its protein levels compared to plasma?
What does the composition of serum indicate about its protein levels compared to plasma?
What distinguishes aqueous humor from plasma and interstitial fluid?
What distinguishes aqueous humor from plasma and interstitial fluid?
How does the particle distribution differ between blood and interstitial fluid?
How does the particle distribution differ between blood and interstitial fluid?
What role does heat play in the diffusion process?
What role does heat play in the diffusion process?
What does Fick’s law of diffusion primarily describe?
What does Fick’s law of diffusion primarily describe?
In Fick’s law of diffusion, what does 'ds' represent?
In Fick’s law of diffusion, what does 'ds' represent?
What happens to the concentration gradient over time during diffusion?
What happens to the concentration gradient over time during diffusion?
What is meant by a two-compartment model in the context of diffusion?
What is meant by a two-compartment model in the context of diffusion?
What is Brownian motion?
What is Brownian motion?
Which components are necessary to quantify the flux in Fick's law?
Which components are necessary to quantify the flux in Fick's law?
How does diffusion across a membrane achieve equilibrium?
How does diffusion across a membrane achieve equilibrium?
Questions and Answers
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Flashcards
Flashcards
Nervous System
Nervous System
A complex network of specialized cells that transmit signals throughout the body, enabling communication and coordination.
Cephalization
Cephalization
The concentration of nervous tissue and sensory organs in the head region of an organism, allowing for faster processing and response.
Sensory Processing
Sensory Processing
The process of receiving, interpreting and reacting to stimuli from the environment.
Brain
Brain
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Ganglia
Ganglia
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Nervous system in humans
Nervous system in humans
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Ganglia in animals
Ganglia in animals
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Single-celled organisms
Single-celled organisms
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Paramecium locomotion
Paramecium locomotion
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Nervous system in Paramecium
Nervous system in Paramecium
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Paramecium's Response to Catt
Paramecium's Response to Catt
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Catt's Entry into Paramecium
Catt's Entry into Paramecium
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Purpose of Life (according to Alex Yartsev)
Purpose of Life (according to Alex Yartsev)
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis
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Intracellular Fluid
Intracellular Fluid
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Extracellular Fluid
Extracellular Fluid
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Intravascular Fluid
Intravascular Fluid
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Interstitial Fluid
Interstitial Fluid
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CSF
CSF
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Synovial Fluid
Synovial Fluid
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Aqueous Humor
Aqueous Humor
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Plasma
Plasma
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Serum
Serum
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Why is plasma high in protein?
Why is plasma high in protein?
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What's the key difference between plasma and serum?
What's the key difference between plasma and serum?
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Diffusion
Diffusion
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Two Compartment Model
Two Compartment Model
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What speeds up diffusion?
What speeds up diffusion?
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Fick's Law
Fick's Law
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Diffusion Coefficient (Ds)
Diffusion Coefficient (Ds)
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Concentration Gradient (dC/dx)
Concentration Gradient (dC/dx)
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Flux (J)
Flux (J)
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Adolf Fick's Contribution
Adolf Fick's Contribution
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Flashcards
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Overview of Bioelectricity and Neurophysiology
- Course: Biology 3305 - Human and Comparative Physiology
- Topic: Bioelectricity and Neurophysiology
Nervous Systems in Organisms
- Organisms with nervous systems use them for precise behavioral regulation.
- Sensory processes are essential
- Sensory processes allow organisms to receive and process environmental information.
- Nervous systems enable rapid responses to environmental changes.
- Not all organisms require sophisticated nervous systems for behavior.
Brain and Cephalization
- Brain: A concentration of nervous tissues and sensory systems.
- Cephalization: The concentration of nervous tissue and sensory structures at one end of an organism.
- Examples of organisms with varying nervous systems include sea anemones, sea stars, flatworms, squids, earthworms, and humans.
- Some organisms (e.g., earthworms) do not need a strong central nervous system for survival.
Cellular Mechanisms
- Paramecium (single-celled organism) does not have a nervous system.
- Movement via cilia and other mechanisms.
- Cilia, a structure of the organism, allows for movement in response to bumps/obstacles.
- These mechanisms can enable controlled locomotion without a complex nervous system.
Cell Membranes and Transport
- Cell membranes work to maintain the electrochemical gradient.
- The essential function of every living organism on earth is to actively maintain an electrochemical gradient across cell membranes.
- Different types of proteins (glycoproteins, glycolipids, peripheral proteins, integral proteins, and channel proteins) are present in the cell membrane.
- Their functions include transport of different substances across the membrane.
- The phospholipid bilayer is a crucial component of the cell membrane, forming a barrier between the inside and outside.
Body Fluids
- Total body water in an adult male is approximately 42 liters.
- Intracellular fluid (inside cells): 25 liters
- Extracellular fluid (outside cells): 17 liters
- Intravascular fluids (in blood vessels like plasma): 3 liters
- Extravascular fluids (Interstitial fluid between cells) : 13 liters
- Transcellular fluids (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid): 1 liter
Blood Component
- Plasma is the liquid portion of blood.
- Serum is the liquid portion of blood after coagulation, lacking clotting factors.
- Plasma and serum are blood fluids that contain proteins and electrolytes, etc.
Electrolyte Concentrations
- Electrolytes (e.g., Na+, K+, Cl-) are essential for maintaining proper cell function and body fluid balance.
- Concentration differences of electrolytes are crucial for creating electrochemical gradients.
- Electrolyte concentrations vary among different body fluids.
- Differences in extracellular versus intracellular electrolyte concentrations are vital for the function of the cell membrane.
Membrane Potentials
- Electrical potential difference across a cell membrane.
- Nernst Equation: Calculation of equilibrium potential for a specific ion.
- Goldman Equation: Calculation and analysis concerning the membrane potential for a cell
- Resting neuron membrane potentials and potentials in various cell types have been recorded.
Sodium-Potassium Pump
- The sodium-potassium pump is a vital membrane protein.
- Helps maintain the electrochemical gradient across cell membranes.
- Uses ATP to transport sodium out and potassium into cells.
Additional Information
- Various methods like specialized equipment and microscopy are employed to study bioelectricity and neurophysiology.
- Specific researchers (like Fick and Nernst), and their principles related to bioelectricity and their contributions to the field are listed.
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