Biology Quiz: Molecular Cloning and Genetics

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of a vector in molecular cloning?

To cut DNA at specific sites

To amplify DNA fragments

To insert a DNA fragment into a host cell (correct)

To synthesize proteins directly

How many pairs of chromosomes are found in each human body cell?

23 (correct)

What is genetic engineering particularly beneficial for?

Creating artificial intelligence

Advancing medicine and agriculture (correct)

Enhancing human physical traits

Producing biofuels efficiently

Which of the following correctly describes genes?

Distinct portions of DNA for traits Signup and view all the answers

What does the central dogma of molecular biology describe?

The flow of genetic information to protein Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major efforts in genetic modification of crops?

Making crops resistant to pests Signup and view all the answers

What ability does a plasmid from E. coli provide?

It can replicate independently inside bacterial cells Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of chemical pesticides can kill insects that devour cotton plants?

40% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an animal's integument?

To provide protection and cover the organism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes elimination in animals?

The removal of undigested materials from the body Signup and view all the answers

What type of skeleton do higher vertebrates such as humans possess?

Endoskeleton Signup and view all the answers

How do whiskers benefit mammals?

They respond to touch and provide sensory information Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an open circulatory system from a closed one?

Fluid is pumped through open-ended vessels and mixes with interstitial fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of skeletal muscles in animals?

To allow conscious control of movement Signup and view all the answers

What does absorption involve in the digestive process?

Converting digested materials into new protoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What type of skeleton is found in animals like corals and crabs?

Exoskeleton Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of transcription in the protein production process?

To create messenger RNA using DNA as a template Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is correct?

It produces proteins that are toxic to certain pests. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relation between codons and amino acids?

Each amino acid is coded by a triplet codon. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of genetic engineering?

To transfer a specific gene from one organism to another. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes hybridization?

Crossing different varieties of the same trait to enhance desirable features. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glyphosate in agriculture?

It kills weeds but may also adversely affect crop growth. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

To move air in and out of the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Golden rice' primarily developed to address?

The nutritional deficiencies associated with vitamin A. Signup and view all the answers

Which system is mainly responsible for removing wastes from blood?

Excretory system Signup and view all the answers

What role do blood vessels play in the circulatory system?

To transport gases, nutrients, and wastes Signup and view all the answers

Which deficiency affects approximately 250 million children worldwide?

Vitamin A deficiency. Signup and view all the answers

How does the nervous system primarily function?

By regulating activities through nerve impulses Signup and view all the answers

What main function does the integumentary system serve?

To protect against injury and infection Signup and view all the answers

What does respiration primarily involve?

The intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system is responsible for regulating body temperature?

Endocrine system Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the immune system?

To defend against pathogens and foreign substances Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phloem in vascular tissues?

Conduct organic nutrients in both directions along the length of the plant Signup and view all the answers

Which type of meristem is responsible for increasing the thickness of stems and roots?

Lateral meristem Signup and view all the answers

What are tracheids and vessel elements commonly associated with?

Transporting water and minerals Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cutin in the epidermis of plant tissues?

Prevent water loss from the outer cell wall Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the plant organ system is primarily responsible for photosynthesis?

Leaves Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature is characteristic of sieve tube cells in phloem?

Perforated end walls for cytoplasmic connections Signup and view all the answers

What is found on the outer layer of green stems and roots to protect against environmental factors?

Cork Signup and view all the answers

What do guard cells regulate in leaf tissues?

Gas exchange through stomata Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of gibberellin in plants?

Promotes seed germination and growth of new leaves Signup and view all the answers

What type of root arises from an organ other than the root itself?

Adventitious roots Signup and view all the answers

Which movement is specifically referred to as thigmotropism?

Response to contact stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phototropism in plants?

To stimulate elongation and growth toward light Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of primary growth in plants?

It happens in the apical meristems Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Producing Genetically Modified Organisms

DNA is the genetic material passed from parents to offspring
Human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes and about 35,000 genes
Genes are portions of DNA that code for inherited traits
The genetic material (genotype) expresses as observable characteristics (phenotype)
Replication copies DNA, transcription creates mRNA, and translation produces proteins
Codons are three-letter mRNA base combinations that code for amino acids (protein building blocks)
Genetic engineering inserts genes from one organism into another
Selective breeding chooses desirable traits for reproduction
Recombinant DNA technology combines DNA sequences from different sources to produce medicinal proteins

Genetically Modified Plants

Pest-resistant crops are engineered to be resistant to insects and pests
Bt cotton produces crystal proteins toxic to pests, but not humans
Herbicide-resistant crops are resistant to specific herbicides
Genetically engineered plants have more nutritional value, such as Golden Rice (for vitamin A)
Genetically modified foods are often criticized for potential environmental hazards and possible health risks

Animals

Animals are multicellular organisms that obtain food by consuming other organisms
Animal cells are organized into tissues, which form organs, and organ systems
Animals use various methods for movement, obtaining food, and avoiding predators
Animals reproduce sexually and asexually
Animal bodies are protected by an external covering (integument)
Animals need to move; skeletal muscles for voluntary movement; smooth muscles for involuntary movement in the digestive tract; cardiac muscle for the heart
They can maintain internal body processes with the help of the nervous and endocrine systems to regulate bodily functions
They have organs and organ systems to perform essential functions
Animals need to transport materials using circulatory systems (e.g., open or closed)
Animals have immune systems to defend against pathogens, with lymphocytes producing antibodies

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts in molecular cloning and genetic engineering as well as foundational biological processes and structures. Test your understanding of genes, chromosomes, and various systems in animal biology. Ideal for students studying biology at an advanced level.