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Questions and Answers
Who is credited with proving that microbes cause surgical wound infections?
What was the significance of Koch's Postulates?
What was the limitation of Koch's Postulates?
What was the contribution of Louis Pasteur to microbiology?
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What was the discovery of Alexander Fleming in 1928?
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Who developed the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the 1990s?
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When did the earliest known account of pestilence occur in Egypt?
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What did the Sumerians and Egyptians view fermentation as?
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What was the cause of the pandemic plague that killed a significant portion of Europe's population during the Middle Ages?
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Who are credited with proposing the Cell Theory in 1838?
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What did Robert Hooke observe under the microscope?
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What was Robert Hooke formulating during his research?
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Who is credited with developing the concept of vaccination and creating a vaccine for smallpox?
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What significant contribution did Ignaz Sammelweis make to microbiology?
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What is one of the significant contributions of Louis Pasteur mentioned in the text?
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What did Robert Koch discover about Bacillus anthracis?
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What is the term for the theory that living organisms can arise from non-living matter?
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Who introduced the aseptic technique in surgery to prevent microbial infections?
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Study Notes
Highlights of the First Golden Age
- Joseph Lister performed surgery under aseptic conditions using phenol and proved that microbes caused surgical wound infections.
- Edward Jenner pioneered the concept of vaccination by inoculating a healthy 8-year-old boy with scrapings of cowpox blisters, developing a vaccine for smallpox.
- Ignaz Semmelweiz developed the proper handwashing technique, lowering the death rate of newly delivered mothers by decreasing the incidence of bacterial infections during childbirth.
- Robert Koch developed methods to cultivate bacteria, fixed and stained bacteria, and discovered that Bacillus anthracis produced spores, contributing to the germ theory of disease.
- Koch's Postulates were developed to prove the cause of an infectious disease, and helped prove the germ theory of disease.
Koch's Postulates
- If an organism fulfills Koch's Postulates, it has been proven to be the cause of that particular infectious disease.
- However, circumstances exist where Koch's Postulates cannot be fulfilled (e.g. viruses, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Treponema pallidum).
History of Microbiology: The Middle Ages
- The pandemic plague, caused by Yersinia pestis, killed as much as one-third of the continent's population in individual pandemics during the Middle Ages.
- The earliest known account of pestilence occurred in Egypt in about 3180 BCE.
History of Microbiology: The First Observations and The Cell Theory
- Robert Hooke illustrated the first known image of a microscope and fruiting molds, and observed the presence of "tiny little boxes" (cells) in cork slices.
- Theodore Schwann and Matthias Schleiden proposed the Cell Theory in 1838, stating that all plants and animals are made up of cells.
The Second and Third Golden Age
- 1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic drug, penicillin, from Penicillium chrysogenum.
- 1980: Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger developed the Maxam-Gilbert method, the first generation of DNA sequencing methods.
- 1990s: Kary Mullis developed the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a useful method in the molecular identification of microorganisms.
- 2000s: Françoise Barré-Sinoussi discovered the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a patient with swollen lymph nodes.
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Description
Explore the significant contributions of Koch's Postulates to the field of microbiology, including the proof of microbes causing surgical wound infections and the development of the germ theory of disease. Learn about the importance of laboratory techniques in understanding infectious diseases. Discover the highlights of the First Golden Age of microbiology.
