Biology Quiz: Iron Binding Proteins and Metabolism

Iron Binding Proteins

• Ferritin is an iron-binding protein found in blood
• Transferrin is an iron-binding protein
• Ferritin is the substance that stores iron in the liver

Interferons

• Interferons are chemical messengers released by activated lymphocytes, macrophages, and tissue cells infected with pathogenic bacteria.
• Interferons affect viruses, not bacteria

Liver Sinusoids

• Liver sinusoids are lined by endothelial cells, not cuboidal epithelial cells

Diet and Saturated Fat

• A diet high in saturated fat can be linked to hypertension

Alcohol Metabolism in the Liver

• The liver metabolizes alcohol into harmless byproducts, such as water.

Enzymes and Activation

• Enterokinase activates chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin.
• Enterokinase also activates trypsinogen into trypsin, which then activates procarboxypeptidase into carboxypeptidase.

Blood Gas Analysis

• Low pH, low pCO2, and low bicarbonate levels in blood indicate compensated metabolic acidosis.

Sickle Cell Anemia

• Sickle cell anemia is inherited through an autosomal recessive pattern.

Antibodies

• The Fc portion of an antibody is responsible for its biological activity.
• Immune tolerance is the prevention of an immune response against a particular antigen.

Glucagon and Liver Glycogen Stores

• Glucagon breaks down glycogen into glucose in the liver.

Hypothyroidism

• Low levels of thyroxine can cause lethargy, constipation, and a slow heart rate.

Aldosterone Deficiency

• Deficiency of aldosterone causes low sodium concentration.

Pneumococcal Infection

• Amoxicillin is the single most effective drug for treating pneumococcal infection.

Graves' Disease

• Graves' disease is characterized by high T4 levels and low TSH levels.

CD8+ Cytotoxic T Cells

• CD8+ cytotoxic T cells attack body cells infected by viruses and produce antiviral cytokines like interferon gamma.

Nutrient Absorption in the Gut

• Most nutrients are absorbed in the ileum and small intestine.

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)

• Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the liver is primarily involved in protein breakdown.

Insulin and Glucose

• Insulin transports glucose into cells for energy or storage.

Idiosyncratic Drug Reactions

• An idiosyncratic drug reaction is any reaction to a drug, not necessarily an exaggerated one.

Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) of Fruits and Vegetables

• The RDA for fruits and vegetables for an average adult is 80g, not 400g.

Histamine

• Histamine causes vascular dilation and is stored in mast cells and basophils.

Liver Tumors and the Esophagus

• A liver tumor on the right lobe cannot compress the esophagus.

mRNA Processing

• mRNA is the product of 5’ capping, splicing, and 3’ adenylation.

Child Development Milestones

• A child can sit without support at around 9 months old, not at 1, 2, or 4 months.

Sickle Cell Anemia and Mutations

• Sickle cell anemia is caused by a point (missense) mutation in the hemoglobin gene.

Body Water Composition

• Two-thirds (2/3) of total body water is intracellular fluid (ICF). Transcellular fluid is not part of ICF.

Thyroid Hormone Release

• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is the primary stimulus for thyroid hormone release, not thyroglobulin.

Chemokines and Acute Inflammation

• Chemokines promote chemotaxis of immune cells to the site of injury.

Vasa Recta and Urine Concentration/Dilution

• Vasa recta play a crucial role in the concentration and dilution of urine.

TNM Staging for Breast Cancer

• In the TNM staging system for breast cancer, the presence of fixed or matted metastasis in ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes is classified as N2.

Robertsonian Translocation

• Robertsonian translocation occurs between acrocentric chromosomes, not pericentric chromosomes.

Down Syndrome and Mortality

• Heart and respiratory problems are the primary causes of early mortality in Down syndrome patients, not thyroid disease.

Body Mass Index (BMI) Calculation

• A 31-year-old male with a weight of 44 kg and a height of 162 cm has a BMI of 16, which is considered underweight.

Turner Syndrome Karyotype

• The karyotype of a female with Turner syndrome is 45, X.

NAD-NADH Reaction

• In a NAD-NADH reaction, NAD gains electrons and becomes NADH.

Drug Bioavailability

• Drug bioavailability is influenced by:
  • Administration in a fed or fasted state
  • Drug formulation
  • Physical properties of the drug

Bioavailability vs. Volume of Distribution

• Bioavailability is the fraction of administered drug that reaches the bloodstream, not the apparent volume of distribution.

Isotonic Fluids for Dehydration

• 0.9% sodium chloride is the isotonic fluid of choice for a patient with severe dehydration.

Programmed Cell Death

• Programmed cell death is called apoptosis, not anaplasia, heteroplasia, or necrosis.

Michaelis-Menten Equation

• The Michaelis-Menten equation relates the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction to substrate concentration, not product concentration.