Biology Quiz: Genetics and Physiology

Exam Information

• Date: Friday, January 24
• Time: 8:50 AM
• Location: Room 250
• Length: 2 hours

Exam Outline

• Scantron: 45 multiple choice questions (45 marks)
• Scantron: 25 matching questions (25 marks)
• Short Answer Questions: 4 short answer questions, 3 are mandatory (25 marks)
• Labeling Diagrams (8 marks)
• Total marks: 103

Hint

• All questions on the exam are covered in the PowerPoint presentation.
• Some concepts are not part of the exam.
• Look for the image provided to identify concepts that can be omitted from studying.

Topic: Genetic Processes

•  Focus on the genetic material DNA, and RNA structures

Topic: Cell Cycle

•  Study the cell cycle

Topic: Genetic Material

• Understand DNA and RNA structures and function
• Key concepts include homologous chromosomes, centromere, kinetochore, synaptonemal complex, sister chromatids, AT, and CoGeco (likely a typo for GC)

Topic: Interphase, Mitosis/Meiosis, and Cytokinesis

• Understand the difference between mitosis and meiosis
• Understand that mitosis produces two diploid daughter cells while meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells
• Know the stages of mitosis and meiosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
• Understand the process of fertilization linking haploid sex cells (sperm and egg)  resulting in a diploid zygote

Topic: Errors in Meiosis

• Recognize that errors in meiosis, such as nondisjunction, can lead to genetic disorders.
• Examples of genetic disorders stemming from meiotic errors: Klinefelter's syndrome, Down's syndrome, and Turner's syndrome.

Topic: Human Chromosomes

• Know that humans have 46 chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes).
• Recognize karyotypes for Klinefelter and Down syndromes.

Topic: Mendelian Genetics

•  Study inheritance patterns of traits based on Mendel's laws.

Topic: Terms: phenotype, genotype, dominant, recessive, allele, gene

• Understand the definitions of phenotype, genotype, dominant, recessive, allele, and gene.
• Know the difference between homozygous dominant (BB), heterozygous (Bb), and homozygous recessive (bb).
• Understand the concept of alleles as variants of a gene

Topic: Monohybrid Cross

• Know how to perform monohybrid crosses involving single traits and analyzing phenotypic and genotypic ratios.

Topic: Non-Mendelian Genetics

• Complete understanding of inheritance patterns that are not described in classical Mendelian Genetics.

Topic: Incomplete Dominance and Codominance

• Understand the concept of incomplete dominance through examples like pink flowers arising from a cross involving red and white parents

Topic: Multiple Alleles (Blood Types)

• Understand multiple allele inheritance and how it applies to blood types.

Topic: Patterns of Inheritance

• Study patterns of inheritance including sex-linked (X-linked) recessive genetic traits and autosomal traits
• Understand inheritance in families (pedigrees)
• Be able to distinguish between pedigrees of X-linked recessive traits

Topic: X-linked, Autosomal

• Understand the basis of X-linked and autosomal inheritance
• Understand that diseases like Hemophilia can result from sex-linked inheritance

Topic: Genetic Diseases

• Be aware of genetic diseases such as Hemophilia and Sickle cell anemia

Topic: Animal Structure and Function

•  Study the structures and functions of various animal systems

Topic: Cell Parts and Functions

• Study the structure and function of different cell components including the nucleus, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, and golgi body

Topic: Circulatory System

• Understand the circulatory system, including its components (blood, blood vessels, and the heart).
• Detailed understanding of different blood components (plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).

Topic: Blood Types

• Understand the different blood types and their genetic basis.

Topic: Blood Vessels

• Thorough understanding of different blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins).

Topic: Heart Structure and Function

• Understand various structures and functions of the heart including different heart valves.

Topic: Heart Conduction System

• Understand the electrical impulses and signal pathways that drive the heart

Topic: Systemic, Cardiac, and Pulmonary Circulation

•  Study the flow of blood through the systems and understand the movement of blood rich in oxygen and carbon dioxide 

Topic: Blood Pressure

• Study the concepts of blood pressure and how it is measured.

Topic: Cardiac Technologies and Diseases (Arrhythmias, ECG, Myocardial Infarction)

• Understand and know  electrocardiograms (ECG/EKG), their importance, and their interpretation.
• Understand cardiovascular diseases/disorders (arrhythmias, myocardial infarction), how they are diagnosed, and common treatments

Topic: Respiratory System

• Understand various organs and components of the respiratory system and their functions
• Know the role of the different respiratory organs (Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and diaphragm)

Topic: Respiration Requirements

• Understand respiratory system requirements including respiratory surfaces (for gas exchange) and moist environments (for gas dissolution).

Topic: Mechanics of Respiration

• Explain the mechanics of inhalation and exhalation, focusing on the role of the diaphragm.

Topic: Lung Capacity

• Understand different lung volumes and capacities, and how to use a spirometer.
• Understand the concepts of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, and residual volume.

Topic: Respiratory Diseases

•  Study respiratory disorders and conditions, for example, emphysema, asthma, COPD, interstitial lung disease, and pulmonary fibrosis

Topic: Digestive System

• Understand the organs and components of the digestive system, including their functions.

Topic: Accessory Digestive Organs

•  Study the functions of the accessory digestive organs
• Examples include liver, gall bladder and pancreas.

Topic: Enzymes and Nutrients

• Understand the different types of enzymes and nutrients

Topic: 4 Macromolecules

• Understand how large molecules are digested

Topic: Problems associated with cellulose digestion (in mammals)

• Understand cellulose digestion in mammals.
• Recognize the benefits of soluble and insoluble fiber.

Topic: Digestion and Absorption

• Understand the processes of mechanical and chemical digestion and nutrient absorption in the different components of the digestive system

Topic: Digestive disorders

• Understand disorders like hiatal hernia, GERD, peptic ulcer, gastritis, Gastroparesis, gallstones, celiac disease, diverticular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and irritable bowel syndrome.

Topic: Diversity of Living Things

•  Understand the classification of life on Earth.

Topic: Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes

• Compare/contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Topic: Archaea vs. Bacteria

• Understand the differences between archaea and bacteria.

Topic: Gram Positive vs. Negative Bacteria

•  Differentiate gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

Topic: Kingdom Animalia Characteristics

• Understand the characteristics and features of Kingdom Animalia, including heterotrophic, eukaryotic and multicellular nature and characteristics like sense organs and mobility

Topic: Major Animal Phyla

•  Understand the major animal phyla, their shared characteristics, and evolutionary relationships.

Topic: Binomial Nomenclature

• Understand the use of binomial nomenclature.
• Understand the classification system (DKPCOFGS)

Topic: Dichotomous Key for Leaves

• Understand how a dichotomous key is used to classify different types of plants

Topic: Viruses (Structure, Reproduction)

• Understand viral structure and replication cycles including lytic and lysogenic cycles.

Topic: Plants

• Understand the broad characteristics of Kingdom Plantae

Topic: Parts of Flowers

• Familiarize with the different parts of a flower

Topic: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

• Understand the characteristics of gymnosperms and angiosperms, compare/contrast their reproduction strategies, and how they are classified

Topic: Evolution

• Understand the theory of evolution

Topic: Evidence of Evolution

• Identify different forms of evidence for evolution

Topic: Charles Darwin's Contribution to Evolution

• Understand Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and concepts like natural selection and the role of variation

Topic: Lamarck vs. Darwin

• Compare and contrast the evolutionary theories of Lamarck and Darwin.

Topic: Natural Selection and Artificial Selection

• Differentiate the roles of natural and artificial selection processes.

Topic: Mutations

• Understand the general concept of mutations and how mutations relate to genetic changes in populations and species
• Note that mutations may be neutral, harmful, or beneficial.

Topic: Microevolution

• Explore microevolution concepts including gene flow, genetic drift, the bottleneck effect, and the founder effect.

Topic: Macroevolution (Speciation)

• Study speciation processes and reproductive isolation mechanisms including allopatric and sympatric speciation.