Biology Quiz: Cell Structure and Transport

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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'glycocalyx' refer to?

The large glycogen stores found in 'fast' muscles.

The negatively charged carbohydrate chains that protrude into the cytosol from glycolipids and integral glycoproteins.

The negatively charged carbohydrate layer on the outer cell surface. (correct)

The layer of anions aligned on the cytosolic surface of the plasma membrane.

A mechanism of cell-cell attachment.

What are the consequences of the delayed onset and prolonged duration of smooth muscle contraction, as well as the greater force generated by smooth muscle compared with skeletal muscle?

Slower cycling rate of the smooth muscle myosin cross-bridges (correct)

Slower uptake of Ca2+ ions after contraction

Greater amount of myosin filaments present in smooth muscle

Physical arrangement of actin and myosin filaments

Higher energy requirement of smooth muscle

What characteristic(s) do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion share?

Require transport protein (correct)

Transport solute against concentration gradient

Can be blocked by specific inhibitors

Do not require adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (correct)

Saturation kinetics (correct)

During the rising phase of an action potential, which channels open?

Voltage-gated K+ channels open Signup and view all the answers

The resting potential of a myelinated nerve fiber is primarily dependent on the concentration gradient of which ion?

Na+ Signup and view all the answers

In a resting adult, what is the typical ventricular ejection fraction?

60% Signup and view all the answers

If the SA node discharges at 0.00 seconds, when does the action potential normally arrive at the AV bundle (bundle of His)?

0.12 second Signup and view all the answers

Which segment of the circulatory system has the highest velocity of blood flow?

Aorta Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the circulatory system contains the largest percentage of the total blood volume?

Veins Signup and view all the answers

Among the following capillaries, which have the lowest capillary permeability to plasma molecules?

Glomerular Signup and view all the answers

If a person has been exercising for 1 hour, which organ will have the smallest decrease in blood flow?

Nonexercising skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal QT interval?

0.16 second Signup and view all the answers

This term refers to the existence of a stable internal environment.

Homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following provides long-term regulatory control that results in relatively unchanging internal conditions?

Negative Feedback Signup and view all the answers

A 50-year-old woman received an overdose of furosemide, what therapy would you recommend?

Infusion of a balanced electrolyte solution Signup and view all the answers

In which condition would you expect a decreased resistance to venous return?

Anemia Signup and view all the answers

Which vasoactive agent is usually the most important controller of coronary blood flow?

Adenosine Signup and view all the answers

The plasmic colloid osmotic pressure is mainly determined by?

Albumin Signup and view all the answers

The term 'formed elements' used in relation to the blood include which of the following?

White blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the first process that occurs after a blood vessel is damaged?

Platelet plug formation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Glycocalyx

Glycocalyx refers to the negatively charged carbohydrate layer on the outer cell surface.
It is composed of carbohydrate chains that protrude from glycolipids and integral glycoproteins.

Diffusion

Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion share the characteristic of not requiring adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
They also share the characteristic of not transporting solutes against a concentration gradient.

Muscle Contraction

The delayed onset and prolonged duration of smooth muscle contraction are consequences of the slower cycling rate of the smooth muscle myosin cross-bridges.
The greater force generated by smooth muscle compared to skeletal muscle is also a consequence of this slower cycling rate.
The physical arrangement of actin and myosin filaments is another factor that contributes to these differences between smooth and skeletal muscle contraction.

Cardiovascular System Notes

Action Potential

During the rising phase of an action potential, voltage-gated K+ channels do not open, instead, voltage-gated Na+ channels open.
Voltage-gated K+ channels open during the falling phase of an action potential.

Resting Potential

The resting potential of a myelinated nerve fiber is primarily dependent on the concentration gradient of Na+.

White Blood Cells

White blood cells (WBCs) originate from bone marrow.

Ventricular Ejection Fraction

The typical ventricular ejection fraction in a resting adult is 60%.

Conduction System

The action potential normally takes 0.12 seconds to travel from the SA node to the AV bundle (bundle of His).

Blood Flow Velocity

The segment of the circulatory system with the highest velocity of blood flow is the aorta.

Lymph Flow

A decrease in interstitial hydrostatic pressure tends to increase lymph flow.

Blood Volume Distribution

Veins contain the largest percentage of the total blood volume.

Capillary Permeability

Glomerular capillaries have the lowest capillary permeability to plasma molecules.

Blood Flow During Exercise

Nonexercising skeletal muscle is the organ that will have the smallest decrease in blood flow during exercise.

Electrocardiology

The normal QT interval is 0.35-0.44 seconds.
The QT interval is a measure of the time between the start of the Q wave and the end of the T wave in the electrocardiogram (ECG).

Homeostasis and Feedback

Homeostasis refers to the existence of a stable internal environment.
Negative feedback provides long-term regulatory control that results in relatively unchanging internal conditions.
Disease and autoregulation are not related to maintaining a stable internal environment.

Cardiovascular Regulation

A decrease in arterial pressure can lead to an increase in heart rate and respiratory rate.
Therapy for a patient with a decreased arterial pressure due to an overdose of furosemide may include infusion of a balanced electrolyte solution.
Whole blood infusion, plasma infusion, infusion of a sympathomimetic drug, and administration of a glucocorticoid are not the recommended therapies.

Venous Return and Blood Flow

A decreased resistance to venous return can be expected in anemia.
Increased venous resistance, increased arteriolar resistance, increased sympathetic output, and obstruction of veins would all increase resistance to venous return.
Adenosine is usually the most important controller of coronary blood flow.
Bradykinin, prostaglandins, carbon dioxide, and potassium ions are not the primary controllers of coronary blood flow.

Blood Composition

The plasmic colloid osmotic pressure is mainly determined by albumin.
Solutes, globulin, micromolecular organics, and glucose do not significantly determine plasmic colloid osmotic pressure.
The "formed elements" of blood include white blood cells and platelets.
Fibrinogen, electrolytes, plasma proteins, and gases are not classified as formed elements.

Blood Coagulation

Vasoconstriction is the first process that occurs after a blood vessel is damaged.
Platelet plug formation, coagulation, and fibrin formation are subsequent processes in the blood coagulation cascade.
Haemolysis is not a step in the blood coagulation process.

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Description

Test your knowledge of cell biology with these questions on glycocalyx, diffusion, and more. Learn about the structure and function of cells and their components.