Biology Pre-Lecture on Urinary System

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Questions and Answers

What is the most common cause of urinary tract infections?

Viruses

Gram-negative bacteria (correct)

Gram-positive bacteria

Fungal infections

What complication can arise from untreated urinary tract infections?

Conjunctivitis

Hemorrhoids

Pulmonary embolism

Chronic inflammation of the bladder (correct)

Which condition is associated with the failure of the cardiac sphincter to open properly?

Barrett's esophagus

Cardiospasm (Achalasia) (correct)

Incompetent cardiac sphincter

Esophageal stricture

What is a potential risk of chronic cystitis?

Bladder cancer Signup and view all the answers

What complication arises from an incompetent cardiac sphincter over time?

Reflux esophagitis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT commonly associated with acute gastritis?

High fiber diet Signup and view all the answers

What organism is mainly responsible for Helicobacter pylori gastritis?

Gram-negative spirals Signup and view all the answers

What can cause mucosal tears in the esophagus?

Vomiting and retching Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of an enlarged prostate in older men?

Interference with bladder emptying Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about urinary tract infections is FALSE?

They are more common in males than females. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure acts as a one-way valve to prevent urine from flowing back from the bladder?

Ureter Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nephron in the kidneys?

Reabsorb proteins and nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the trigone in the urinary bladder?

Prevents backflow of urine into the ureters Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the kidney is primarily involved in the process of urine formation?

Loop of Henle Signup and view all the answers

What happens to urine after it is collected in the major calyces?

It flows into the ureters. Signup and view all the answers

How does hypertension potentially affect kidney function?

Damages nephron filtering units Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component that the kidney reabsorbs during urine formation?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature distinguishes the male urinary tract from that of the female?

Prostate gland involvement in urine flow Signup and view all the answers

What kind of tissue composes the bladder wall, allowing it to expand?

Transitional epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What role do renal arteries play in kidney function?

Supply blood to the kidneys for filtration Signup and view all the answers

What condition arises from the breakdown or death of nephron tissue?

Chronic renal disease Signup and view all the answers

What potential complication can arise from a swollen prostate in aging males?

Difficulty in bladder emptying Signup and view all the answers

In what part of the nephron does the significant reabsorption of nutrients occur?

Proximal convoluted tubule Signup and view all the answers

Why do males experience urinary tract infections (UTIs) less frequently than females?

Males have a longer vas deferens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of diabetic nephropathy?

Progressive impairment of renal function. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of chronic renal disease?

Hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism causes pain during kidney stone passage?

Blockage of the ureter. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is associated with nephrotic syndrome?

Low plasma osmotic pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What structure is directly responsible for preventing backflow of urine from the bladder?

Trigone. Signup and view all the answers

Which renal pathology involves inflammation caused by an antigen-antibody reaction within the glomeruli?

Glomerulonephritis. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the nephrons during chronic renal disease?

They decline in function significantly. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of renal calculi if they grow large?

Ureter obstruction. Signup and view all the answers

How does end-stage renal disease primarily affect the body?

Retention of metabolic waste products. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the digestive tract is most involved in nutrient absorption?

Small intestine. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common site for the formation of ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract?

Stomach. Signup and view all the answers

What type of kidney stone is associated with urinary tract infections?

Struvite stones. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant symptom of Wilms Tumour in children?

Palpable abdominal mass. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pre-Lecture Urinary

Kidneys are fist-sized organs located near the lower ribs, in the back.
They are held in place by structures like the peritoneum and psoas major muscle.
The left kidney is usually slightly higher than the right due to the liver's position.
Kidneys filter blood, creating urine, and maintaining homeostasis (pH and fluid balance).
Renal arteries carry blood to the kidneys for filtration.
Renal veins carry filtered blood away from the kidneys.
The kidneys reabsorb important substances from the blood, like proteins.
The outer cortex of the kidney contains structures like glomeruli, part of the nephron.
Renal pyramids are areas where nephrons and loops of Henle are located.
Blood vessels that filter the blood are located around the renal pyramids.
Renal pelvis is the base of the kidneys connecting to the ureters.
The kidneys and ureters connect to each other, and to other parts of the body.

Pre-Lecture Gastrointestinal

The gastrointestinal tract starts with the mouth and breaks down food.
The esophagus is a stretchy tube carrying food to the stomach.
The stomach has four tissue layers – serosa, longitudinal, circular, and oblique.
The stomach has a mucus layer (tunica mucosa) protecting it from stomach acid.
The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine.
The duodenum is where ulcers commonly occur.
Ulcers can be caused by problems with the digestive enzymes and stomach acid.
Ulcers can be treated and prevented by managing the enzymes and acid levels.

Vesicouretheral Reflux

Ureter may be outside normal position.
This can cause backflow of urine.
Urine flowing backward from the ureters to the bladder is a potential issue.

Renal Calculi

Kidney stones.
Stones form in the urinary tract from high salt concentrations, uric acid, and calcium salts.
Pain from stones is due to ureter/kidney spasms, as stones move through the urethra.
Kidney stones can cause blockage of the ureters.
Lithotripsy can break down kidney stones.

Chronic Renal Disease

Renal function failure occurs.
Normal functioning nephrons decrease to 30%.
Chronic inflammation causes chronic renal disease.
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) requires treatment, which may include dialysis or a transplant.

Congenital Abnormalities

Kidney may be missing or not develop correctly.
Congenital kidney problems tend to be bilateral (both kidneys).
Kidney problems are rarer when only one kidney does not develop.

Nephropathies/Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the glomeruli.
This is often caused by an antibody reaction.
This can cause immune complex glomerulonephritis, which can cause the protein to leak out in the urine.

Acute Renal Tubular Injury

Impaired renal blood flow and toxic chemicals damage the kidneys.
Tissue death.
Tubular necrosis, which can be caused by toxins and other damage.
Can lead to acute renal failure. (Kidney failure)

Renal Tumours

Cortical tumors are epithelial cell in origin.
They are largely benign, but some can be cancerous.
Adenomas are typically small, asymptomatic and white in appearance.
Carcinomas are more common and can have blood in the urine as a symptom.
Nephroblastoma is a highly malignant tumour affecting mainly children.

Vesicoureteral Reflux

Ureters are located outside the normal position in the trigone preventing backflow to the bladder.
Backflow of urine increases pressure, leading to ureter damage and potential infections.

Cardiovascular, Cardiac Sphincter, Conditions and Treatment

Problems with the valve at the beginning of the stomach (cardiac sphincter) such as cardiospasm can create difficult swallowing.
Ulcer are very common in the mucous lining and is due to damage from acids.
Cancer can potentially arise at any part of the esophagus.
The issue of the esophagus may get worse over time due to problems with the cardiac sphincter.

Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis

Outpouches called diverticula occur due to weak spot in the lining of the colon.
Diverticulitis is the inflammation of the diverticula, caused by fecal matter getting trapped in the pouches.
This can result in serious complications such as chronic constipation, perforations, bleeding, and scar tissue formation in the colon.
Hemorrhoids cause pain and discomfort to the rectum and anus and can be internal or external.

Tumours of the Colon

Benign tumours such as polyps.
Carcinoma is a cancerous tumour
Polyps often can be removed through colonoscopy.
The tumour may ulcerate, causing iron deficiency and lower gastrointestinal issues.

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Description

This quiz covers essential information about the urinary system, focusing on the anatomy and functions of the kidneys. It explores how kidneys filter blood, their structural components, and their connection to other parts of the body. Perfect for those studying human biology or preparing for a related exam.