Biology Pre-Lecture on Urinary System

<p>Bladder cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reflux esophagitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High fiber diet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gram-negative spirals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vomiting and retching (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interference with bladder emptying (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are more common in males than females. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ureter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reabsorb proteins and nutrients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevents backflow of urine into the ureters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loop of Henle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It flows into the ureters. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damages nephron filtering units (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prostate gland involvement in urine flow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transitional epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supply blood to the kidneys for filtration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic renal disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty in bladder emptying (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Males have a longer vas deferens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progressive impairment of renal function. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertensive nephrosclerosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blockage of the ureter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low plasma osmotic pressure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trigone. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerulonephritis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They decline in function significantly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ureter obstruction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retention of metabolic waste products. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small intestine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stomach. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Struvite stones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Palpable abdominal mass. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

About the size of a fist, located near the lower ribs, behind the body.

Kidneys are held in place by structures like the peritoneum and psoas major.

Left Kidney is slightly higher than the right kidney due to liver and vessel position.

Blood vessels that carry blood to the kidneys for filtration.

Blood vessels that carry filtered blood out from the kidneys.

The functional units of the kidneys that filter blood, reabsorb important substances, and secrete waste.

A tuft of capillaries within the Bowman's capsule, where the initial filtering of blood takes place in the nephron.

Cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus; site of initial filtration.

Narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Organ that stores urine before it's expelled from the body.

Tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body.

Triangular area in the bladder where the two ureters enter and the urethra exits.

Outer layer of the kidney, containing filtering structures like glomeruli.

Inner region of the kidney containing the nephron loops and collecting ducts.

Funnel-shaped region at the base of the kidney; connects to the ureter.

Infection in the urinary tract, often caused by bacteria like E. coli, can be acute or chronic.

Inflammation of the bladder, often caused by infections. Shorter urethra in women makes them more prone.

A condition where the cardiac sphincter (a muscular valve) fails to open properly, causing food to become trapped in the esophagus.

When the cardiac sphincter doesn't close properly, allowing stomach acid to leak into the esophagus.

Blockage in the esophagus, often due to tumors (carcinoma) or scar tissue (stricture).

An infection of the stomach lining caused by H. pylori bacteria. Neutralizes stomach acid.

Linear tears in the esophagus' lining, usually caused by severe retching or vomiting.

A condition where the body's pH becomes too acidic, often related to problems in waste removal.

A dangerous condition that results in excess ketones in the blood caused by fat metabolism.

Inflammation of the stomach lining, often short-term and can be related to lifestyle or medication.

Digestion begins in the mouth where food is broken down into smaller pieces.

The stomach wall is composed of four layers: Serosa mucosa, Longitudinal muscle, Circular muscle and Oblique muscle.

Prostaglandins are involved in the production of mucus in the stomach, protecting it from the acid.

The tunica mucosa layer of the stomach secretes gastrin, which produces hydrochloric acid for digestion.

The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, after the stomach.

Villi are finger-like projections in the small intestine that greatly increase its surface area for nutrient absorption.

The mesentery is a structure that holds the intestines in place and contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels.

The ileocecal junction is where the small intestine (ileum) meets the large intestine (cecum).

The large intestine consists of the ascending colon, transverse colon, and descending colon.

The sigmoid colon is the last part of the colon and is responsible for forming stools.

The rectum is the final part of the digestive tract, where stool is stored before elimination.

Unilateral agenesis is the failure of one kidney to develop, while bilateral agenesis is the failure of both kidneys to develop.

Diabetic nephropathy is kidney damage caused by long-standing diabetes.

Nephritic syndrome is characterized by protein loss in urine, inflammation of the glomeruli, and swelling in the body.

Acute renal tubular injury is damage to the renal tubules usually caused by toxins, drugs or reduced blood flow.