Biology Practical Exam Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the objective lens?

  • Closest to the object (correct)
  • Closest to the eye
  • Used for focusing
  • None of the above

What is the ocular lens?

  • Closest to the object
  • Closest to the eye (correct)
  • Used for focusing
  • None of the above

What is a hypothesis?

Tentative explanation for a particular phenomenon that is testable

What are variables?

<p>Characteristics that vary among the individuals that are being tested or measured</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a dependent variable?

<p>The variable that is measured in an experiment (graded on the y-axis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an independent variable?

<p>The variable or factor that is being tested during the experiment (attendance on the x-axis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sample?

<p>The portion of individuals or units selected from a population that are actually measured or tested</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a prokaryote?

<p>No nucleus (bacteria)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a eukaryote?

<p>Has a nucleus (protists, plants, animals)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nucleus?

<p>Control center, stores DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cilia, flagella, and pseudopods used for?

<p>Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cytoskeleton?

<p>Structure, movement, cell division by contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the endoplasmic reticulum responsible for?

<p>Manufacturing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Golgi complex do?

<p>Manufacturing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a vesicle?

<p>Storage (stores fats and water vesicles in plants)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysosomes?

<p>Breakdown (disassemble, destroy, recycle, digest)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytoplasm?

<p>Cell solution (fluid that chemical processes occur in)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a mitochondrion?

<p>Energy transformation (respiration)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do chloroplasts do?

<p>Energy transformation (photosynthesis plants)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell wall?

<p>Structural support (in plants and fungi only)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diffusion?

<p>Movement of particles from an area of greater concentration to an area of lower concentration (down the concentration gradient)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osmosis?

<p>Movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during interphase?

<p>Cell increases production of proteins, increases in size, and eventually duplicates DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during mitosis?

<p>Chromosomes are distributed appropriately for the cell to divide</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytokinesis?

<p>Cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is asexual reproduction?

<p>Mitosis cell splits into 2 identical daughter clones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a chromosome?

<p>Colored body; structure of the nucleus that contains the hereditary information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are homologous chromosomes?

<p>Same genetic trait (humans have 46, 23 are homologous).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is prophase?

<p>Before (chromosomes condense)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is metaphase?

<p>Middle (align across midline)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is anaphase?

<p>Upward (move towards poles)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is telophase?

<p>End (at poles)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diploid number?

<p>Two sets of chromosomes (2N)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a gene?

<p>Hereditary information</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an allele?

<p>Alternative form of a gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is phenotype?

<p>Appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is genotype?

<p>Genetic makeup</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does heterozygous mean?

<p>Two different alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does homozygous mean?

<p>Two identical alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Objective Lens

The lens closest to the object being viewed; responsible for magnification.

Ocular Lens

The lens closest to the eye; further magnifies the image produced by the objective lens.

Hypothesis

A testable explanation for a phenomenon.

Variables

Characteristics that vary among individuals being studied or tested.

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Dependent Variable

The measured outcome in an experiment; plotted on the Y-axis of a graph.

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Independent Variable

Factors being tested or manipulated during an experiment; plotted on the X-axis of a graph.

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Sample

A selection of individuals or units taken from a larger population for testing.

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Prokaryotes

Cells without a nucleus; e.g., bacteria.

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Eukaryotes

Cells with a nucleus; including protists, plants, and animals.

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Nucleus

The control center of the cell; stores DNA and directs cellular activities.

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Cilia, Flagella, Pseudopod

Structures on cells that facilitate movement; include cilia, flagella, and pseudopods.

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Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers within the cell providing structural support, enabling movement, and aiding in cell division.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

A network of membranes involved in the manufacture and processing of proteins and lipids.

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Golgi Complex

Organelles involved in the modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins.

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Vesicle

Storage unit for substances such as fats and water in plant cells.

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Lysosome

Organelles responsible for breaking down waste materials; act as the cell's recycling center.

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Cytoplasm

The fluid in which chemical processes occur within a cell.

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Mitochondrion

The 'powerhouse' of the cell; responsible for ATP production through respiration.

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Chloroplasts

Organelles in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis.

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Cell Wall

A rigid outer layer that provides structural support; found in plants and fungi.

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Diffusion

Movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration; a passive process.

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Osmosis

Movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration.

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Interphase

The stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows, doubles its size, and duplicates DNA; occurs before mitosis.

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Mitosis

Process of dividing the nucleus and chromosomes during cell division.

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Cytokinesis

The final step of cell division where the cytoplasm divides, producing two daughter cells.

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Asexual Reproduction

A type of reproduction that involves mitosis, producing two identical daughter cells; used for growth and repair.

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Chromosome

Structures in the nucleus that contain hereditary information.

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Homologous Chromosomes

Pairs of chromosomes that have the same genes and are inherited from each parent.

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Prophase

The first stage of mitosis where chromosomes condense and become visible.

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Metaphase

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up along the midline of the cell.

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Anaphase

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes move towards opposite poles of the cell.

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Telophase

The final stage of mitosis where chromosomes reach the poles and begin to uncoil.

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Diploid

Organisms with two sets of chromosomes; a set from each parent.

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Gene

The basic unit of heredity; carries genetic information.

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Allele

Alternative forms of a gene.

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Phenotype

The observable characteristics or traits expressed by an organism.

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Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism, the specific combination of alleles.

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Heterozygous

An organism with two different alleles for a specific trait.

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Homozygous

An organism with two identical alleles for a specific trait.

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Study Notes

Microscopy

  • Objective Lens: Closest lens to the object being viewed, essential for magnification.
  • Ocular Lens: Closest lens to the eye, magnifies the image further for viewing.

Scientific Method

  • Hypothesis: A tentative explanation for a phenomenon that is testable.
  • Variables: Characteristics that vary among individuals in experimentation.
  • Dependent Variables: Measured during an experiment; plotted on the Y-axis.
  • Independent Variables: Tested factors in an experiment; plotted on the X-axis.
  • Sample: A selection of individuals or units from a population that are tested.

Cell Biology

  • Prokaryotes: Cells without a nucleus, e.g., bacteria.
  • Eukaryotes: Cells with a nucleus, including protists, plants, and animals.
  • Nucleus: The control center of the cell that stores DNA.
  • Cilia, Flagella, Pseudopod: Structures that facilitate cell movement.
  • Cytoskeleton: Provides structure, enables movement, and aids in cell division.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Site of manufacturing and processing of proteins and lipids.
  • Golgi Complex: Involved in the modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins.
  • Vesicle: Storage unit for substances such as fats and water in plant cells.
  • Lysosome: Breaks down waste materials; acts as the cell's recycling center.
  • Cytoplasm: Fluid in which chemical processes occur, providing a medium for cellular activities.
  • Mitochondrion: Powerhouse of the cell; involved in energy transformation through respiration.
  • Chloroplasts: Organelles that conduct photosynthesis in plant cells.
  • Cell Wall: Provides structural support; found in plants and fungi only.

Cellular Processes

  • Diffusion: Movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.
  • Osmosis: Movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane.
  • Interphase: Stage where the cell grows, doubles its size, and duplicates DNA; occupies most of a cell's life.
  • Mitosis: Process where chromosomes are distributed for cell division.
  • Cytokinesis: The final step of cell division where the cell splits into two daughter cells.
  • Asexual Reproduction: Involves mitosis, producing two identical daughter cells for repair, e.g., skin and intestinal cells.

Genetics

  • Chromosome: Structure in the nucleus that contains hereditary information.
  • Homologous Chromosomes: Pairs of chromosomes with the same genetic traits; humans have 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs.
  • Prophase: Stage of mitosis where chromosomes condense.
  • Metaphase: Stage where chromosomes align across the midline of the cell.
  • Anaphase: Stage where chromosomes move toward opposite poles.
  • Telophase: Final stage where chromosomes reach the poles and begin to de-condense.

Genetic Terminology

  • Diploid: Organisms with two sets of chromosomes.
  • Gene: Basic unit of heredity; contains hereditary information.
  • Allele: Alternative forms of a gene.
  • Phenotype: Observable characteristics or traits of an organism.
  • Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism.
  • Heterozygous: Organism with two different alleles for a trait.
  • Homozygous: Organism with identical alleles for a trait.

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