Biology Practical Exam Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the objective lens?

Closest to the object (correct)

Closest to the eye

Used for focusing

None of the above

What is the ocular lens?

Closest to the object

Closest to the eye (correct)

Used for focusing

None of the above

What is a hypothesis?

Tentative explanation for a particular phenomenon that is testable

What are variables?

Characteristics that vary among the individuals that are being tested or measured Signup and view all the answers

What is a dependent variable?

The variable that is measured in an experiment (graded on the y-axis) Signup and view all the answers

What is an independent variable?

The variable or factor that is being tested during the experiment (attendance on the x-axis) Signup and view all the answers

What is a sample?

The portion of individuals or units selected from a population that are actually measured or tested Signup and view all the answers

What is a prokaryote?

No nucleus (bacteria) Signup and view all the answers

What is a eukaryote?

Has a nucleus (protists, plants, animals) Signup and view all the answers

What is a nucleus?

Control center, stores DNA Signup and view all the answers

What are cilia, flagella, and pseudopods used for?

Movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the cytoskeleton?

Structure, movement, cell division by contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the endoplasmic reticulum responsible for?

Manufacturing Signup and view all the answers

What does the Golgi complex do?

Manufacturing Signup and view all the answers

What is a vesicle?

Storage (stores fats and water vesicles in plants) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysosomes?

Breakdown (disassemble, destroy, recycle, digest) Signup and view all the answers

What is cytoplasm?

Cell solution (fluid that chemical processes occur in) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a mitochondrion?

Energy transformation (respiration) Signup and view all the answers

What do chloroplasts do?

Energy transformation (photosynthesis plants) Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell wall?

Structural support (in plants and fungi only) Signup and view all the answers

What is diffusion?

Movement of particles from an area of greater concentration to an area of lower concentration (down the concentration gradient) Signup and view all the answers

What is osmosis?

Movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane Signup and view all the answers

What happens during interphase?

Cell increases production of proteins, increases in size, and eventually duplicates DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during mitosis?

Chromosomes are distributed appropriately for the cell to divide Signup and view all the answers

What is cytokinesis?

Cell division Signup and view all the answers

What is asexual reproduction?

Mitosis cell splits into 2 identical daughter clones. Signup and view all the answers

What is a chromosome?

Colored body; structure of the nucleus that contains the hereditary information. Signup and view all the answers

What are homologous chromosomes?

Same genetic trait (humans have 46, 23 are homologous). Signup and view all the answers

What is prophase?

Before (chromosomes condense) Signup and view all the answers

What is metaphase?

Middle (align across midline) Signup and view all the answers

What is anaphase?

Upward (move towards poles) Signup and view all the answers

What is telophase?

End (at poles) Signup and view all the answers

What is the diploid number?

Two sets of chromosomes (2N) Signup and view all the answers

What is a gene?

Hereditary information Signup and view all the answers

What is an allele?

Alternative form of a gene Signup and view all the answers

What is phenotype?

Appearance Signup and view all the answers

What is genotype?

Genetic makeup Signup and view all the answers

What does heterozygous mean?

Two different alleles Signup and view all the answers

What does homozygous mean?

Two identical alleles Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Microscopy

Objective Lens: Closest lens to the object being viewed, essential for magnification.
Ocular Lens: Closest lens to the eye, magnifies the image further for viewing.

Scientific Method

Hypothesis: A tentative explanation for a phenomenon that is testable.
Variables: Characteristics that vary among individuals in experimentation.
Dependent Variables: Measured during an experiment; plotted on the Y-axis.
Independent Variables: Tested factors in an experiment; plotted on the X-axis.
Sample: A selection of individuals or units from a population that are tested.

Cell Biology

Prokaryotes: Cells without a nucleus, e.g., bacteria.
Eukaryotes: Cells with a nucleus, including protists, plants, and animals.
Nucleus: The control center of the cell that stores DNA.
Cilia, Flagella, Pseudopod: Structures that facilitate cell movement.
Cytoskeleton: Provides structure, enables movement, and aids in cell division.
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Site of manufacturing and processing of proteins and lipids.
Golgi Complex: Involved in the modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins.
Vesicle: Storage unit for substances such as fats and water in plant cells.
Lysosome: Breaks down waste materials; acts as the cell's recycling center.
Cytoplasm: Fluid in which chemical processes occur, providing a medium for cellular activities.
Mitochondrion: Powerhouse of the cell; involved in energy transformation through respiration.
Chloroplasts: Organelles that conduct photosynthesis in plant cells.
Cell Wall: Provides structural support; found in plants and fungi only.

Cellular Processes

Diffusion: Movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.
Osmosis: Movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane.
Interphase: Stage where the cell grows, doubles its size, and duplicates DNA; occupies most of a cell's life.
Mitosis: Process where chromosomes are distributed for cell division.
Cytokinesis: The final step of cell division where the cell splits into two daughter cells.
Asexual Reproduction: Involves mitosis, producing two identical daughter cells for repair, e.g., skin and intestinal cells.

Genetics

Chromosome: Structure in the nucleus that contains hereditary information.
Homologous Chromosomes: Pairs of chromosomes with the same genetic traits; humans have 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs.
Prophase: Stage of mitosis where chromosomes condense.
Metaphase: Stage where chromosomes align across the midline of the cell.
Anaphase: Stage where chromosomes move toward opposite poles.
Telophase: Final stage where chromosomes reach the poles and begin to de-condense.

Genetic Terminology

Diploid: Organisms with two sets of chromosomes.
Gene: Basic unit of heredity; contains hereditary information.
Allele: Alternative forms of a gene.
Phenotype: Observable characteristics or traits of an organism.
Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism.
Heterozygous: Organism with two different alleles for a trait.
Homozygous: Organism with identical alleles for a trait.

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Prepare for your Biology practical exam with these essential flashcards. Each card contains key terms and definitions that are crucial for understanding the concepts in your lab work. Use these to test your knowledge and ensure you're ready for examination day.