Biology: Plant Structure and Function

Structure:
- Roots: absorb water and nutrients from soil
- Stem: supports leaves and transports nutrients
- Leaves: carry out photosynthesis
- Flowers: reproduce
Functions:
- Photosynthesis: convert sunlight into energy
- Respiration: release energy from glucose
- Transpiration: release water vapor into air
Types:
- Monocots: one cotyledon in seedling (e.g., grasses, lilies)
- Dicots: two cotyledons in seedling (e.g., beans, oak trees)

Atmosphere:
- Composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases
- Protects Earth from harmful radiation and extreme temperatures
Weather Factors:
- Temperature: affected by latitude, altitude, and time of day
- Humidity: measures water vapor in air
- Pressure: measures air compression
- Wind: movement of air due to pressure differences
Weather Phenomena:
- Clouds: formed from water vapor and condensation
- Precipitation: rain, snow, sleet, or hail
- Storms: severe weather conditions, including thunderstorms and hurricanes

Solar System:
- 8 planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
- 5 dwarf planets: Pluto, Eris, Ceres, Haumea, Makemake
Stars and Galaxies:
- Stars: massive balls of hot, glowing gas
- Galaxies: massive collections of stars, gas, and dust
- Universe: all matter and energy in existence
Space Exploration:
- Satellites: artificial objects in orbit around Earth
- Spacecraft: vehicles designed for space travel
- Astronauts: humans trained for space travel

Organ Systems:
- Nervous: controls body functions and interprets sensory information
- Circulatory: transports oxygen and nutrients to cells
- Respiratory: brings oxygen into body and removes carbon dioxide
- Digestive: breaks down food into nutrients
Body Functions:
- Homeostasis: maintains internal balance and stability
- Metabolism: converts energy from food into ATP
- Immunity: protects against disease and infection
Organs:
- Brain: controls body functions and interprets sensory information
- Heart: pumps blood throughout body
- Lungs: exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Liver: filters toxins and aids in digestion

Roots absorb water and nutrients from soil, anchoring the plant in place.
Stem supports leaves and transports nutrients, water, and sugars throughout the plant.
Leaves carry out photosynthesis, converting sunlight into energy through chlorophyll.
Flowers reproduce, producing seeds that can grow into new plants.

Atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases, protecting Earth from harmful radiation and extreme temperatures.
Temperature affects weather, influenced by latitude, altitude, and time of day.
Humidity measures water vapor in the air, impacting weather patterns.
Pressure measures air compression, influencing weather patterns and wind direction.
Wind movement occurs due to pressure differences, shaping our climate and weather.

Our solar system consists of 8 planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
Dwarf planets, including Pluto, Eris, Ceres, Haumea, and Makemake, are smaller, rocky bodies orbiting the Sun.
Stars are massive balls of hot, glowing gas, fueled by nuclear reactions.
Galaxies are massive collections of stars, gas, and dust, with the Milky Way being our home galaxy.
Universe encompasses all matter and energy in existence, with its origins and fate still unknown.

Nervous system controls body functions, interprets sensory information, and enables thought and movement.
Circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to cells, removing waste products.
Respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide, facilitating cellular respiration.
Digestive system breaks down food into nutrients, absorbs them, and eliminates waste products.
Homeostasis maintains internal balance and stability, ensuring proper bodily functions.
Metabolism converts energy from food into ATP, powering cellular activities.
Immunity protects against disease and infection, involving both innate and adaptive responses.
Brain controls body functions, interprets sensory information, and enables thought and consciousness.
Heart pumps blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues.
Lungs exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide, facilitating cellular respiration.
Liver filters toxins, aids in digestion, and regulates metabolism.