Biology: Plant Structure and Function

Plants

• Structure:
  • Roots: absorb water and nutrients from soil
  • Stem: supports leaves and transports nutrients
  • Leaves: carry out photosynthesis
  • Flowers: reproduce
• Functions:
  • Photosynthesis: convert sunlight into energy
  • Respiration: release energy from glucose
  • Transpiration: release water vapor into air
• Types:
  • Monocots: one cotyledon in seedling (e.g., grasses, lilies)
  • Dicots: two cotyledons in seedling (e.g., beans, oak trees)

Weather

• Atmosphere:
  • Composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases
  • Protects Earth from harmful radiation and extreme temperatures
• Weather Factors:
  • Temperature: affected by latitude, altitude, and time of day
  • Humidity: measures water vapor in air
  • Pressure: measures air compression
  • Wind: movement of air due to pressure differences
• Weather Phenomena:
  • Clouds: formed from water vapor and condensation
  • Precipitation: rain, snow, sleet, or hail
  • Storms: severe weather conditions, including thunderstorms and hurricanes

Space

• Solar System:
  • 8 planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
  • 5 dwarf planets: Pluto, Eris, Ceres, Haumea, Makemake
• Stars and Galaxies:
  • Stars: massive balls of hot, glowing gas
  • Galaxies: massive collections of stars, gas, and dust
  • Universe: all matter and energy in existence
• Space Exploration:
  • Satellites: artificial objects in orbit around Earth
  • Spacecraft: vehicles designed for space travel
  • Astronauts: humans trained for space travel

Human Body

• Organ Systems:
  • Nervous: controls body functions and interprets sensory information
  • Circulatory: transports oxygen and nutrients to cells
  • Respiratory: brings oxygen into body and removes carbon dioxide
  • Digestive: breaks down food into nutrients
• Body Functions:
  • Homeostasis: maintains internal balance and stability
  • Metabolism: converts energy from food into ATP
  • Immunity: protects against disease and infection
• Organs:
  • Brain: controls body functions and interprets sensory information
  • Heart: pumps blood throughout body
  • Lungs: exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Liver: filters toxins and aids in digestion

Plants

• Roots absorb water and nutrients from soil, anchoring the plant in place.
• Stem supports leaves and transports nutrients, water, and sugars throughout the plant.
• Leaves carry out photosynthesis, converting sunlight into energy through chlorophyll.
• Flowers reproduce, producing seeds that can grow into new plants.

Weather

• Atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases, protecting Earth from harmful radiation and extreme temperatures.
• Temperature affects weather, influenced by latitude, altitude, and time of day.
• Humidity measures water vapor in the air, impacting weather patterns.
• Pressure measures air compression, influencing weather patterns and wind direction.
• Wind movement occurs due to pressure differences, shaping our climate and weather.

Space

• Our solar system consists of 8 planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
• Dwarf planets, including Pluto, Eris, Ceres, Haumea, and Makemake, are smaller, rocky bodies orbiting the Sun.
• Stars are massive balls of hot, glowing gas, fueled by nuclear reactions.
• Galaxies are massive collections of stars, gas, and dust, with the Milky Way being our home galaxy.
• Universe encompasses all matter and energy in existence, with its origins and fate still unknown.

Human Body

• Nervous system controls body functions, interprets sensory information, and enables thought and movement.
• Circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to cells, removing waste products.
• Respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide, facilitating cellular respiration.
• Digestive system breaks down food into nutrients, absorbs them, and eliminates waste products.
• Homeostasis maintains internal balance and stability, ensuring proper bodily functions.
• Metabolism converts energy from food into ATP, powering cellular activities.
• Immunity protects against disease and infection, involving both innate and adaptive responses.
• Brain controls body functions, interprets sensory information, and enables thought and consciousness.
• Heart pumps blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues.
• Lungs exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide, facilitating cellular respiration.
• Liver filters toxins, aids in digestion, and regulates metabolism.