Biology Plant and Animal Cells

Structure:
- Cell wall: Rigid outer layer made of cellulose, providing shape and protection.
- Cell membrane: Semi-permeable layer that controls movement of substances.
- Chloroplasts: Organelles containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
- Vacuole: Large central vacuole for storage and maintaining turgor pressure.
- Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell functions.
- Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance where cell components are located.
Key Functions:
- Photosynthesis: Conversion of light energy into chemical energy (glucose).
- Storage: Vacuoles store nutrients, waste products, and help in maintaining cell rigidity.
- Growth: Cell division and elongation in response to environmental stimuli.

Structure:
- Cell membrane: Flexible outer layer that regulates entry and exit of substances.
- Nucleus: Contains DNA and is the control center for cellular activities.
- Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell, generating ATP through respiration.
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis, found free-floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
  - Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and modification.
  - Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
- Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for digestion of waste materials.
Key Functions:
- Energy production: Mitochondria convert nutrients into ATP via cellular respiration.
- Protein synthesis: Ribosomes and ER work together to produce proteins necessary for cell function.
- Waste disposal: Lysosomes break down cellular debris and foreign materials.

Cell Wall: Present in plant cells; absent in animal cells.
Chloroplasts: Present in plant cells; absent in animal cells.
Vacuoles: Large central vacuole in plant cells; smaller, multiple vacuoles in animal cells.
Shape: Plant cells are generally rectangular; animal cells are more varied in shape.
Energy Production: Plant cells produce energy through photosynthesis; animal cells rely on respiration.

Cell Wall: Rigid, protective outer layer made of cellulose, giving structure and support.
Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable barrier regulating the passage of substances in and out.
Chloroplasts: Organelles with chlorophyll responsible for photosynthesis, converting light into glucose.
Vacuole: Large central storage area, crucial for storing nutrients and waste, maintaining turgor pressure.
Nucleus: Houses genetic material (DNA) and regulates cellular functions.
Cytoplasm: Gel-like medium where organelles are suspended; site of metabolic activities.
Photosynthesis: Key process for energy conversion, transforming light energy into chemical energy (glucose).
Storage Function: Vacuoles play a vital role in storing nutrients and maintaining cell rigidity.
Growth Mechanism: Involves cell division and elongation triggered by environmental stimuli.

Cell Membrane: Flexible boundary that controls entry and exit of materials.
Nucleus: Central control center containing DNA, directing cellular activities.
Mitochondria: Powerhouses generating ATP through cellular respiration, vital for energy.
Ribosomes: Sites for protein synthesis, located freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and processing.
- Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes, focuses on lipid synthesis and detoxification processes.
Lysosomes: Organelles containing digestive enzymes for breaking down waste and cellular debris.
Energy Production: Mitochondria are essential for converting nutrients into energy (ATP) via respiration.
Protein Synthesis: Ribosomes and ER collaborate to create proteins necessary for various cell functions.
Waste Disposal: Lysosomes play a crucial role in degrading unwanted materials, maintaining cellular hygiene.

Cell Wall: Present only in plant cells for additional support; absent in animal cells.
Chloroplasts: Unique to plant cells, facilitating photosynthesis; animal cells do not have these organelles.
Vacuoles: Plant cells typically contain a large central vacuole, while animal cells have smaller, multiple vacuoles.
Shape Difference: Plant cells are mostly rectangular; animal cells exhibit a wider variety of shapes.
Energy Production Mechanism: Plant cells generate energy via photosynthesis, whereas animal cells depend on respiration for energy production.