Biology Pioneers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Edward Jenner

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Who is considered the 'Father' of microbiology and immunology?

Edward Jenner

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Louis Pasteur (correct)

Joseph Lister

What was the main contribution of Edward Jenner to the field of medicine?

Development of the smallpox vaccine (correct)

Invention of the microscope

Discovery of the germ theory of disease

Discovery of microorganisms

What was the significance of Louis Pasteur's experiment in 1864?

Invention of the microscope

Demonstration of spontaneous generation

Discovery of microorganisms

Demonstration that fermentation is caused by microorganisms (correct)

What was the significance of Louis Pasteur's discovery in 1877?

Obtaining pure cultures of microorganisms in liquid medium Signup and view all the answers

What was the main contribution of Joseph Lister to the field of medicine?

Introduction of antiseptic surgery Signup and view all the answers

What are the criteria for establishing that an organism is the cause of a disease, according to Robert Koch?

Found in all cases of the disease and absent in healthy organisms Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Louis Pasteur's discovery in 1885?

Discovery of the aetiological factor of rabies - 'virus' Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Anton van Leeuwenhoek's observations?

Discovery of microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

What generation of fluoroquinolones has broad anaerobic coverage?

*trovafloxacin generation Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of DNA Gyrase inhibition by quinolones?

Formation of quinolone-DNA-Gyrase complex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a unique quality of ciprofloxacin?

It binds divalent cations, decreasing absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of quinolone interaction with antacids?

Decreased absorption of quinolones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a side effect of quinolones?

Rash and pruritus Signup and view all the answers

What is the spectrum of activity of levofloxacin?

Gram- rods, Strept. pneumoniae, and atypicals Signup and view all the answers

What is the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) characteristic of quinolones?

Combination of time-dependent and concentration-dependent killing Signup and view all the answers

What is the indication for ciprofloxacin in anthrax exposure?

Both treatment and prophylaxis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of direct specimen staining in microbiology?

To evaluate microbial morphology Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for 'cells agglomeration' or 'a clone' of the same species originating from one mother cell on a solid media?

Colony Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of action of Procaine PenG?

12 hours Signup and view all the answers

What type of microorganisms require a specific range of oxygen concentration (2-8%) for growth?

Microaerophiles Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of a microorganism to express virulence factors?

Virulence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a drug of choice for Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus?

Ampicillin Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum pH required for the growth of Thiobacillus thiooxidans?

0.5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the indication for using Benzathine Pen?

Syphilis Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal temperature range for the growth of Listeria monocytogenes?

30-37°C Signup and view all the answers

What is the common adverse reaction of Ampicillin and Amoxicillin when associated with a viral illness?

Non-allergic rash Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of Amoxicillin over Ampicillin?

Better tolerance Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the measure of microbial pathogenicity, including contagiousness, invasiveness, and toxicity?

Pathogenicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the spectrum of Piperacillin?

Most Enterobacteriaceae Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum temperature tolerated by Staphylococcus aureus?

45°C Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of β-lactamase inhibitors?

Steric inhibition Signup and view all the answers

What is the combination of Clavulanic Acid with?

Amoxicillin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of guided treatment?

To use an antimicrobial with a narrow spectrum Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between bacterial and eukaryotic cell walls that makes antimicrobials targeting cell wall synthesis safe for humans?

The presence of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of β-lactam drugs?

They inhibit the function of penicillin-binding proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the inhibition of peptide bridge formation between glycan molecules in bacterial cell walls?

The cell wall develops weak points at the growth sites and becomes fragile Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern when combining antimicrobial drugs?

The antagonistic effect of the drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using antimicrobials that inhibit cell wall synthesis?

They have a high therapeutic index Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical step in the clinical thinking process when deciding whether to use antimicrobial treatment?

Determining whether antimicrobial treatment is absolutely required Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the weakness in the bacterial cell wall caused by antimicrobials that inhibit cell wall synthesis?

The cell lyses Signup and view all the answers