40 Questions
Who is considered the 'Father' of microbiology and immunology?
Louis Pasteur
What was the main contribution of Edward Jenner to the field of medicine?
Development of the smallpox vaccine
What was the significance of Louis Pasteur's experiment in 1864?
Demonstration that fermentation is caused by microorganisms
What was the significance of Louis Pasteur's discovery in 1877?
Obtaining pure cultures of microorganisms in liquid medium
What was the main contribution of Joseph Lister to the field of medicine?
Introduction of antiseptic surgery
What are the criteria for establishing that an organism is the cause of a disease, according to Robert Koch?
Found in all cases of the disease and absent in healthy organisms
What was the significance of Louis Pasteur's discovery in 1885?
Discovery of the aetiological factor of rabies - 'virus'
What was the significance of Anton van Leeuwenhoek's observations?
Discovery of microorganisms
What generation of fluoroquinolones has broad anaerobic coverage?
*trovafloxacin generation
What is the mechanism of DNA Gyrase inhibition by quinolones?
Formation of quinolone-DNA-Gyrase complex
Which of the following is a unique quality of ciprofloxacin?
It binds divalent cations, decreasing absorption
What is the consequence of quinolone interaction with antacids?
Decreased absorption of quinolones
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of quinolones?
Rash and pruritus
What is the spectrum of activity of levofloxacin?
Gram- rods, Strept. pneumoniae, and atypicals
What is the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) characteristic of quinolones?
Combination of time-dependent and concentration-dependent killing
What is the indication for ciprofloxacin in anthrax exposure?
Both treatment and prophylaxis
What is the primary purpose of direct specimen staining in microbiology?
To evaluate microbial morphology
What is the term for 'cells agglomeration' or 'a clone' of the same species originating from one mother cell on a solid media?
Colony
What is the duration of action of Procaine PenG?
12 hours
What type of microorganisms require a specific range of oxygen concentration (2-8%) for growth?
Microaerophiles
What is the term for the ability of a microorganism to express virulence factors?
Virulence
Which of the following is a drug of choice for Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus?
Ampicillin
What is the minimum pH required for the growth of Thiobacillus thiooxidans?
0.5
What is the indication for using Benzathine Pen?
Syphilis
What is the optimal temperature range for the growth of Listeria monocytogenes?
30-37°C
What is the common adverse reaction of Ampicillin and Amoxicillin when associated with a viral illness?
Non-allergic rash
What is the advantage of Amoxicillin over Ampicillin?
Better tolerance
What is the term for the measure of microbial pathogenicity, including contagiousness, invasiveness, and toxicity?
Pathogenicity
What is the spectrum of Piperacillin?
Most Enterobacteriaceae
What is the maximum temperature tolerated by Staphylococcus aureus?
45°C
What is the mechanism of action of β-lactamase inhibitors?
Steric inhibition
What is the combination of Clavulanic Acid with?
Amoxicillin
What is the primary goal of guided treatment?
To use an antimicrobial with a narrow spectrum
What is the main difference between bacterial and eukaryotic cell walls that makes antimicrobials targeting cell wall synthesis safe for humans?
The presence of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls
What is the mechanism of action of β-lactam drugs?
They inhibit the function of penicillin-binding proteins
What is the result of the inhibition of peptide bridge formation between glycan molecules in bacterial cell walls?
The cell wall develops weak points at the growth sites and becomes fragile
What is the primary concern when combining antimicrobial drugs?
The antagonistic effect of the drugs
What is the advantage of using antimicrobials that inhibit cell wall synthesis?
They have a high therapeutic index
What is a critical step in the clinical thinking process when deciding whether to use antimicrobial treatment?
Determining whether antimicrobial treatment is absolutely required
What is the consequence of the weakness in the bacterial cell wall caused by antimicrobials that inhibit cell wall synthesis?
The cell lyses
Learn about the contributions of Anton van Leeuwenhoek, the father of microbiology, and Edward Jenner, the inventor of the smallpox vaccine.
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