Biology Photosynthesis and Indicators

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Questions and Answers

What color is Bromothymol Blue (BTB) when carbon dioxide is present?

  • Blue
  • Green (correct)
  • Purple
  • Yellow (correct)

What are the overall products of photosynthesis?

Oxygen and glucose

Which of the following are products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Oxygen (correct)
  • Water
  • NADPH (correct)
  • ATP (correct)
  • Sunlight

Which of the following are reactants of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

<p>NADPH (A), Carbon Dioxide (B), ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

<p>6CO2 + 6H2O -&gt; C6H12O6 + 6O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT part of the structure of a chloroplast?

<p>Nucleus (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photosystem II comes before photosystem I in the electron transport chain.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP synthase in photosynthesis?

<p>ATP synthase converts ADP and hydrogen ions into ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the plant structures: cuticle, upper and lower epidermis, veins, stomata, and guard cells, contribute to the plant's ability to survive?

<p>These structures protect the plant cells, transport water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen, and regulate the exchange of gases between the plant and its environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a calorimeter?

<p>To measure the amount of heat released or absorbed in a system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is burning food analogous to the way our bodies extract energy from food?

<p>Both burning food and cellular respiration break down chemical bonds to release energy that is used for cellular processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A calorie is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does measuring the change in water temperature relate to the caloric content of food?

<p>The greater the change in water temperature, the higher the caloric content of the food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a product of cellular respiration?

<p>Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glycolysis takes place in the mitochondria.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is a product of the Krebs Cycle?

<p>Carbon dioxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

<p>The electron transport chain uses electrons from NADH and FADH2 to power the proton pump, which generates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This proton gradient is then used by ATP synthase to produce ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fermentation occurs in the presence of oxygen.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of fermentation?

<p>Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fermentation is a more efficient process than cellular respiration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What food products are produced by lactic acid fermentation?

<p>Cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sourdough (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are reverse reactions of each other.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bromothymol Blue (BTB) indicator

A chemical indicator that changes color based on the presence of carbon dioxide. Blue in the absence of CO2, green with some CO2, and yellow with a lot of CO2.

Photosynthesis reactants

Sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water are needed for photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis products

Oxygen and glucose are produced during photosynthesis. Glucose acts as food for plants.

Light-dependent reaction reactants

Sunlight, ADP, NADP+, and water are used in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.

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Light-dependent reaction products

NADPH, ATP, and oxygen are produced during the light-dependent reactions.

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Light-independent reaction reactants

NADPH, ATP, and carbon dioxide are required for the light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle).

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Light-independent reaction products

NADP+, ADP, and glucose are the output of the light-independent reactions.

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Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 (Simplified form of the reaction).

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Chloroplast structure

Chloroplasts have outer and inner membranes, thylakoids, grana (stacks of thylakoids), and stroma.

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Photosystem II

The first photosystem in the light-dependent reactions. Absorbs sunlight to energize electrons.

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Photosystem I

The second photosystem in the light-dependent reactions. Re-energizes electrons from photosystem II.

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Electron transport chain

A series of proteins that pass energized electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I, releasing energy that pumps H+ into the thylakoid space.

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ATP synthase

An enzyme that converts the flow of H+ ions back into the stroma into ATP from ADP. The process makes energy.

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Calorimeter

A device that measures the heat released or absorbed during a process.

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Cellular Respiration Reactants

Glucose and oxygen are used cellular respiration.

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Cellular Respiration Products

ATP, carbon dioxide, and water are the outputs of cellular respiration.

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Glycolysis location

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.

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Krebs Cycle location

The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria's matrix.

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Electron Transport Chain location

The electron transport chain is in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

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ATP Synthase function

ATP synthase spins to convert ADP to ATP using H+ ions.

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Cellular Respiration Advantages

More efficient and yields more energy than fermentation

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Fermentation Advantages

Fermentation produces energy without oxygen.

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Fermentation Disadvantages

Less efficient than cellular respiration, produces less ATP.

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Plant structure adaptation

Plant structures like leaves and veins are adapted for efficient photosynthesis.

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Study Notes

Bromothymol Blue (BTB)

  • BTB is a chemical indicator for carbon dioxide
  • Blue color indicates no CO2
  • Green color indicates some CO2
  • Yellow color indicates a lot of CO2

Photosynthesis

  • Overall Reaction: Sunlight + CO2 + H2O → O2 + Glucose
  • Light-Dependent Reactions: Sunlight, ADP, NADP+, H2O → NADPH, ATP, O2
  • Light-Independent Reactions: NADPH, ATP, CO2 → NADP+, ADP, Glucose
  • Chloroplast Structure: Outer and inner membranes, thylakoid membranes, grana (stacks of thylakoids), stroma (space between grana)
  • Photosystem II: Absorbs sunlight, generates high-energy electrons
  • Photosystem I: Reactivates electrons from Photosystem II
  • Electron Transport Chain: Electrons move from Photosystem II to Photosystem I, releasing energy to pump hydrogen ions into inner thylakoid space.
  • ATP Synthase: Converts hydrogen ions into ATP.

Plant Structure

  • Chloroplast arrangement: Spread out to maximize sunlight exposure
  • Cuticle and epidermis: Protect plant cells
  • Veins: Transport sugars
  • Stomata: Primary transport of CO2, O2, water vapor
  • Guard Cells: Regulate gas/molecule exchange (stomata opening and closing)

Calorie Lab

  • Calorimeter: Measures heat exchange, minimizes energy loss
  • Burning food: Breaks chemical bonds, releases energy
  • Calories and water temperature: One calorie raises one gram of water by one degree Celsius.

Cellular Respiration

  • Overall Reaction: Glucose + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP
  • Glycolysis: Occurs in the cytoplasm, Glucose → 2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP, NAD+ → NADH, ADP (?)
  • Krebs Cycle: Occurs in mitochondria, Pyruvic acid → ATP, CO2, NADH, FADH2
  • Electron Transport Chain: Occurs in inner mitochondrial membrane, NADH, FADH2, O2 → ATP, H2O, FAD, NAD+
  • ATP Synthase: Converts hydrogen ions into ATP, ADP → ATP.
  • Advantages over fermentation: Higher ATP yield, neutral byproducts
  • Disadvantages of cellular respiration: Requires oxygen, slower process

Fermentation

  • Occurs: Absence of oxygen
  • Purpose: Allows glycolysis to continue
  • Advantages: Continues energy production without oxygen
  • Disadvantages: Lower ATP yield, byproducts

Connecting Cycles

  • Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite processes
  • Plants and animals both do cellular respiration
  • Plants do photosynthesis
  • Reactions occur in reverse order

Additional Information

  • Products of alcoholic fermentation: Ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide
  • Lactic acid fermentation: Produces lactic acid, common in muscle cells
  • Uses of fermentation by microbes: Cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream, pickles, sauerkraut, kimchi, sourdough

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