Biology Pearson Chapters 1-7 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the study of life?

  • Ecology
  • Chemistry
  • Biology (correct)
  • Physics

    • What part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air?

    biosphere

    Define ecosystem.

    A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment.

    What is a community in ecology?

    <p>A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does population refer to in biology?

    <p>A group of organisms of the same species populating a given area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an organism?

    <p>A living thing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an organ system?

    <p>A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define organs.

    <p>A group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tissue?

    <p>A group of similar cells that perform a particular function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cells?

    <p>Tiny groups of organelles kept in a membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are organelles?

    <p>Membrane-bound structures that perform a specific function in a cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a molecule?

    <p>A cluster of atoms held together by chemical bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are producers in an ecosystem?

    <p>Organisms that make their own food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define consumers.

    <p>An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is systems biology?

    <p>Constructs models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a prokaryotic cell?

    <p>A cell lacking a nucleus and DNA, often small and simple.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define eukaryotic cell.

    <p>A cell with a nucleus (surrounded by its own membrane) and other internal organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are genes?

    <p>Units of inheritance that transfer information from parents to offspring DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a species?

    <p>A specific type of organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are domains in biology?

    <p>The kingdoms of life divided into 3 domains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define bacteria.

    <p>Microscopic single-celled organisms that are diverse and widespread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Archea?

    <p>Domain of organisms that are prokaryotic and biochemically and genetically distinct from bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is evolution?

    <p>The sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is natural selection?

    <p>A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by individual variation?

    <p>Individuals in a population vary in many heritable traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does overproduction of offspring refer to?

    <p>More offspring are produced than can survive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define unequal reproductive success.

    <p>Individuals are unequal in their likelihood of surviving and reproducing; individuals best suited to the environment will generally produce a disproportionately large number of healthy, fertile offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is systematics?

    <p>The classification of living organisms in terms of their natural relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is taxonomy?

    <p>A classification of organisms into groups based on similarities of structure or origin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is Carlos Linnaeus?

    <p>Swedish physician/naturalist who created a system based on similarities in body structure and systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is binomial nomenclature?

    <p>The naming system developed by Carolus Linnaeus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are emergent properties?

    <p>New properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Eukarya?

    <p>Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define hypothesis.

    <p>A proposed explanation for a set of observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a scientific theory?

    <p>Explains a great diversity of observations and is supported by a large usually growing body of evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a controlled experiment?

    <p>An experiment where all but one variable are kept constant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is technology in biology?

    <p>The practical application of science to commerce or industry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is Charles Darwin?

    <p>English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is matter?

    <p>Anything that has mass and takes up space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define element.

    <p>A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a compound?

    <p>A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an atom?

    <p>The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define proton.

    <p>Subatomic particle with a positive charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an electron?

    <p>Subatomic particle with a negative charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define neutron.

    <p>Subatomic particle with a neutral charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is atomic number?

    <p>The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mass number?

    <p>The sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define atomic mass.

    <p>Equal to the mass number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an isotope?

    <p>Have the same number of protons and electrons, but different amounts of neutrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a radioactive isotope?

    <p>Isotope in which the nucleus decays over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define electron shells.

    <p>Energy levels where electrons are.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are chemical bonds?

    <p>The attractive forces that hold atoms together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define ionic bond.

    <p>A chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is salt in chemistry?

    <p>Synonym for an ionic compound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define covalent bond.

    <p>A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is electronegativity?

    <p>An atom's attraction for shared electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define cohesion.

    <p>The state of molecules cohering or sticking together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is adhesion?

    <p>The property of sticking together or the joining of surfaces of different composition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is surface tension?

    <p>A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define heat in biological terms.

    <p>The amount of energy associated with the movement of atoms and bodies of matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is temperature?

    <p>The measurement of the movement of molecules in a substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a solution?

    <p>A mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define solvent.

    <p>A substance that dissolves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a solute?

    <p>The substance that is dissolved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an acid?

    <p>A compound that donates H+ ions to the solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define base.

    <p>A compound that accepts hydrogen ions from the solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are buffers?

    <p>Substances that minimize changes in pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define chemical reaction.

    <p>The making and breaking of chemical bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are reactants?

    <p>The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a product in chemistry?

    <p>A chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are organic compounds?

    <p>Carbon-based molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define hydrocarbons.

    <p>Compounds composed of only hydrogen and carbon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a carbon skeleton?

    <p>The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are functional groups?

    <p>First 5 chemical groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define isomers.

    <p>Compounds with the same formula but different structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hydrophilic mean?

    <p>Water loving; soluble in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define hydrophobic.

    <p>Water fearing; non-soluble in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hydroxyl group?

    <p>Consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom and a carbon skeleton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a carbonyl group?

    <p>A carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define carboxyl group.

    <p>Carbon double-bonded to an oxygen and bonded to a hydroxyl group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are carboxylic acids?

    <p>Compounds with carboxyl groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an amino group?

    <p>A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and a carbon skeleton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define amines.

    <p>Organic compounds with an amino group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a phosphate group?

    <p>A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define methyl group.

    <p>A chemical group consisting of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are macromolecules?

    <p>Large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are polymers?

    <p>Large compounds formed from combinations of many monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are monomers?

    <p>Building blocks of polymers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a dehydration reaction?

    <p>A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define hydrolysis.

    <p>Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a carbohydrate?

    <p>An organic compound used by cells to store and release energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are monosaccharides?

    <p>Single-unit sugar molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define disaccharides.

    <p>Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are polysaccharides?

    <p>Polymers of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is starch?

    <p>Consists entirely of glucose monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define glycogen.

    <p>Polysaccharide that stores glucose in animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cellulose?

    <p>A substance made of sugars that is common in the cell walls of many organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define chitin.

    <p>A structural polysaccharide of an amino sugar found in many fungi and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are lipids?

    <p>Large, nonpolar organic molecules, not soluble in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define fat.

    <p>A large lipid made from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fundamental Concepts of Biology

    • Biology: The study of life, encompassing the various forms and processes of living organisms.
    • Biosphere: The global sum of ecosystems, integrating land, water, and atmosphere, where life exists.

    Ecology and Organism Interaction

    • Ecosystem: An intricate system where communities of organisms interact with their physical environments.
    • Community: A group of interdependent organisms living in the same area, interacting with one another.
    • Population: A group of organisms of the same species residing in a designated area.
    • Organism: Any living entity, ranging from unicellular bacteria to complex multicellular beings.

    Biological Hierarchy

    • Organ System: Groups of organs that collaborate to perform specific functions in the body.
    • Organs: Structures formed by a collection of tissues that work together for similar functions.
    • Tissue: A collection of similar cells that perform a particular function.
    • Cells: The basic unit of life, consisting of membrane-bound organelles.
    • Organelles: Specialized structures within cells that perform distinct functions.
    • Molecule: Composed of clusters of atoms held by chemical bonds.

    Energy Flow in Ecosystems

    • Producers: Organisms that synthesize their own food (e.g., plants through photosynthesis).
    • Consumers: Organisms that derive energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms.

    Concepts in Evolution and Taxonomy

    • Systems Biology: Approaches that model interactions within biological systems.
    • Prokaryotic Cell: Simple cells lacking a nucleus, typically smaller and structurally less complex.
    • Eukaryotic Cell: More complex cells featuring a nucleus and various organelles.

    Genetics and Species Diversity

    • Genes: Units of heredity that convey information from parents to their offspring.
    • Species: A distinct type of organism capable of interbreeding.
    • Domain: The highest taxonomic category, encompassing the three domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.

    Evolutionary Principles

    • Evolution: The historical development of species and their adaptations over time.
    • Natural Selection: The process driving evolution, favoring organisms best suited to their environment.
    • Individual Variation: The genetic differences among individuals within a population affecting survival and reproduction.
    • Overproduction of Offspring: The concept explaining that not all offspring will survive to adulthood.
    • Unequal Reproductive Success: Recognition that some individuals produce more viable offspring than others.

    Taxonomy and Classification

    • Systematics: The scientific discipline focused on classifying living organisms and understanding their relationships.
    • Taxonomy: The systematic arrangement of organisms based on structural, functional, and evolutionary characteristics.
    • Carolus Linnaeus: The 'father of taxonomy' who developed binomial nomenclature for naming species.

    Hierarchical Complexity and Emergence

    • Emergent Properties: New attributes that develop at each level of biological complexity that do not exist at lower levels.

    Scientific Methodology

    • Hypothesis: A proposed explanation for observed phenomena.
    • Theory: A well-supported explanation based on extensive evidence.
    • Controlled Experiment: Research where only one variable is altered while others remain constant.

    Fundamental Chemistry in Biology

    • Matter: Substances occupying space and possessing mass.
    • Element: Fundamental substances that cannot be parsed into simpler substances.
    • Compound: Forms when two or more different elements are chemically combined in fixed ratios.
    • Atom: The smallest unit of an element retaining its properties.

    Atomic Structure and Isotopes

    • Proton, Neutron, Electron: Subatomic particles with positive, neutral, and negative charges, respectively.
    • Atomic Number: Counts the protons in an atom's nucleus.
    • Mass Number: The total of protons and neutrons in an atom.
    • Isotope: Variants of elements differing in neutron numbers.
    • Radioactive Isotope: Isotopes that decay, emitting radiation over time.

    Chemical Bonds and Molecular Interactions

    • Chemical Bonds: Forces holding atoms together, vital for compound formation.
    • Ionic Bond: Formed through electron transfer between atoms, resulting in positively and negatively charged ions.
    • Covalent Bond: Involves shared electrons between atoms.
    • Electronegativity: An atom’s affinity for shared electrons, dictating bond type.

    Properties of Water

    • Cohesion and Adhesion: Water molecules’ tendency to stick to themselves and other substances, contributing to surface tension.
    • Heat and Temperature: Heat represents energy from atomic movement, while temperature measures molecular motion.

    Solutions and Acidity

    • Solution: A homogeneous mixture of substances where molecules are evenly distributed.
    • Solvent and Solute: The solvent dissolves the solute, which is the substance being dissolved.
    • Acid and Base: Acids donate H⁺ ions in solutions, while bases accept them.
    • Buffers: Compounds that stabilize pH levels in biological systems.

    Organic Chemistry and Macromolecules

    • Organic Compounds: Contain carbon and are fundamental for biological systems.
    • Hydrocarbons: Compounds consisting solely of hydrogen and carbon atoms.
    • Macromolecules and Polymers: Large molecules made of smaller units (monomers) connected through chemical reactions.
    • Dehydration Reaction: A process where two molecules combine with water removal; hydrolysis is the reverse, adding water to split molecules.

    Carbohydrates and Energy Storage

    • Carbohydrates: Organic compounds for energy storage and release, existing as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
    • Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose: Types of polysaccharides used for energy storage and structural integrity in organisms.

    Structural Polysaccharides

    • Chitin: A structural polysaccharide found in fungi and arthropod exoskeletons.

    Lipids and Fats

    • Lipids: Nonpolar molecules essential for cell structure and energy storage, including fats composed of glycerol and fatty acids.

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    Test your knowledge of essential biological terms with these flashcards covering Chapters 1-7 from Pearson's biology curriculum. Each card provides a definition to help you understand key concepts including ecosystems, communities, and the biosphere. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their learning and prepare for exams.

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