Biology Pearson Chapters 1-7 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the study of life?

Ecology

Chemistry

Biology (correct)

Physics

What part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air?

biosphere

Define ecosystem.

A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment.

What is a community in ecology?

A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other. Signup and view all the answers

What does population refer to in biology?

A group of organisms of the same species populating a given area. Signup and view all the answers

What is an organism?

A living thing. Signup and view all the answers

What is an organ system?

A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function. Signup and view all the answers

Define organs.

A group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions. Signup and view all the answers

What is tissue?

A group of similar cells that perform a particular function. Signup and view all the answers

What are cells?

Tiny groups of organelles kept in a membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What are organelles?

Membrane-bound structures that perform a specific function in a cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is a molecule?

A cluster of atoms held together by chemical bonds. Signup and view all the answers

Who are producers in an ecosystem?

Organisms that make their own food. Signup and view all the answers

Define consumers.

An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains. Signup and view all the answers

What is systems biology?

Constructs models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems. Signup and view all the answers

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A cell lacking a nucleus and DNA, often small and simple. Signup and view all the answers

Define eukaryotic cell.

A cell with a nucleus (surrounded by its own membrane) and other internal organelles. Signup and view all the answers

What are genes?

Units of inheritance that transfer information from parents to offspring DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What is a species?

A specific type of organism. Signup and view all the answers

What are domains in biology?

The kingdoms of life divided into 3 domains. Signup and view all the answers

Define bacteria.

Microscopic single-celled organisms that are diverse and widespread. Signup and view all the answers

What is Archea?

Domain of organisms that are prokaryotic and biochemically and genetically distinct from bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

What is evolution?

The sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What is natural selection?

A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by individual variation?

Individuals in a population vary in many heritable traits. Signup and view all the answers

What does overproduction of offspring refer to?

More offspring are produced than can survive. Signup and view all the answers

Define unequal reproductive success.

Individuals are unequal in their likelihood of surviving and reproducing; individuals best suited to the environment will generally produce a disproportionately large number of healthy, fertile offspring. Signup and view all the answers

What is systematics?

The classification of living organisms in terms of their natural relationships. Signup and view all the answers

What is taxonomy?

A classification of organisms into groups based on similarities of structure or origin. Signup and view all the answers

Who is Carlos Linnaeus?

Swedish physician/naturalist who created a system based on similarities in body structure and systems. Signup and view all the answers

What is binomial nomenclature?

The naming system developed by Carolus Linnaeus. Signup and view all the answers

What are emergent properties?

New properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life. Signup and view all the answers

What is Eukarya?

Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals. Signup and view all the answers

Define hypothesis.

A proposed explanation for a set of observations. Signup and view all the answers

What is a scientific theory?

Explains a great diversity of observations and is supported by a large usually growing body of evidence. Signup and view all the answers

What is a controlled experiment?

An experiment where all but one variable are kept constant. Signup and view all the answers

What is technology in biology?

The practical application of science to commerce or industry. Signup and view all the answers

Who is Charles Darwin?

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection. Signup and view all the answers

What is matter?

Anything that has mass and takes up space. Signup and view all the answers

Define element.

A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means. Signup and view all the answers

What is a compound?

A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. Signup and view all the answers

What is an atom?

The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element. Signup and view all the answers

Define proton.

Subatomic particle with a positive charge. Signup and view all the answers

What is an electron?

Subatomic particle with a negative charge. Signup and view all the answers

Define neutron.

Subatomic particle with a neutral charge. Signup and view all the answers

What is atomic number?

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Signup and view all the answers

What is mass number?

The sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

Define atomic mass.

Equal to the mass number. Signup and view all the answers

What is an isotope?

Have the same number of protons and electrons, but different amounts of neutrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is a radioactive isotope?

Isotope in which the nucleus decays over time. Signup and view all the answers

Define electron shells.

Energy levels where electrons are. Signup and view all the answers

What are chemical bonds?

The attractive forces that hold atoms together. Signup and view all the answers

Define ionic bond.

A chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion. Signup and view all the answers

What is salt in chemistry?

Synonym for an ionic compound. Signup and view all the answers

Define covalent bond.

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule. Signup and view all the answers

What is electronegativity?

An atom's attraction for shared electrons. Signup and view all the answers

Define cohesion.

The state of molecules cohering or sticking together. Signup and view all the answers

What is adhesion?

The property of sticking together or the joining of surfaces of different composition. Signup and view all the answers

What is surface tension?

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Signup and view all the answers

Define heat in biological terms.

The amount of energy associated with the movement of atoms and bodies of matter. Signup and view all the answers

What is temperature?

The measurement of the movement of molecules in a substance. Signup and view all the answers

What is a solution?

A mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed. Signup and view all the answers

Define solvent.

A substance that dissolves. Signup and view all the answers

What is a solute?

The substance that is dissolved. Signup and view all the answers

What is an acid?

A compound that donates H+ ions to the solution. Signup and view all the answers

Define base.

A compound that accepts hydrogen ions from the solution. Signup and view all the answers

What are buffers?

Substances that minimize changes in pH. Signup and view all the answers

Define chemical reaction.

The making and breaking of chemical bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What are reactants?

The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction. Signup and view all the answers

What is a product in chemistry?

A chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction. Signup and view all the answers

What are organic compounds?

Carbon-based molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Define hydrocarbons.

Compounds composed of only hydrogen and carbon. Signup and view all the answers

What is a carbon skeleton?

The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule. Signup and view all the answers

What are functional groups?

First 5 chemical groups. Signup and view all the answers

Define isomers.

Compounds with the same formula but different structure. Signup and view all the answers

What does hydrophilic mean?

Water loving; soluble in water. Signup and view all the answers

Define hydrophobic.

Water fearing; non-soluble in water. Signup and view all the answers

What is a hydroxyl group?

Consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom and a carbon skeleton. Signup and view all the answers

What is a carbonyl group?

A carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom. Signup and view all the answers

Define carboxyl group.

Carbon double-bonded to an oxygen and bonded to a hydroxyl group. Signup and view all the answers

What are carboxylic acids?

Compounds with carboxyl groups. Signup and view all the answers

What is an amino group?

A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and a carbon skeleton. Signup and view all the answers

Define amines.

Organic compounds with an amino group. Signup and view all the answers

What is a phosphate group?

A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms. Signup and view all the answers

Define methyl group.

A chemical group consisting of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms. Signup and view all the answers

What are macromolecules?

Large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together. Signup and view all the answers

What are polymers?

Large compounds formed from combinations of many monomers. Signup and view all the answers

What are monomers?

Building blocks of polymers. Signup and view all the answers

What is a dehydration reaction?

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. Signup and view all the answers

Define hydrolysis.

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water. Signup and view all the answers

What is a carbohydrate?

An organic compound used by cells to store and release energy. Signup and view all the answers

What are monosaccharides?

Single-unit sugar molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Define disaccharides.

Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides. Signup and view all the answers

What are polysaccharides?

Polymers of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is starch?

Consists entirely of glucose monomers. Signup and view all the answers

Define glycogen.

Polysaccharide that stores glucose in animals. Signup and view all the answers

What is cellulose?

A substance made of sugars that is common in the cell walls of many organisms. Signup and view all the answers

Define chitin.

A structural polysaccharide of an amino sugar found in many fungi and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods. Signup and view all the answers

What are lipids?

Large, nonpolar organic molecules, not soluble in water. Signup and view all the answers

Define fat.

A large lipid made from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fundamental Concepts of Biology

Biology: The study of life, encompassing the various forms and processes of living organisms.
Biosphere: The global sum of ecosystems, integrating land, water, and atmosphere, where life exists.

Ecology and Organism Interaction

Ecosystem: An intricate system where communities of organisms interact with their physical environments.
Community: A group of interdependent organisms living in the same area, interacting with one another.
Population: A group of organisms of the same species residing in a designated area.
Organism: Any living entity, ranging from unicellular bacteria to complex multicellular beings.

Biological Hierarchy

Organ System: Groups of organs that collaborate to perform specific functions in the body.
Organs: Structures formed by a collection of tissues that work together for similar functions.
Tissue: A collection of similar cells that perform a particular function.
Cells: The basic unit of life, consisting of membrane-bound organelles.
Organelles: Specialized structures within cells that perform distinct functions.
Molecule: Composed of clusters of atoms held by chemical bonds.

Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Producers: Organisms that synthesize their own food (e.g., plants through photosynthesis).
Consumers: Organisms that derive energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms.

Concepts in Evolution and Taxonomy

Systems Biology: Approaches that model interactions within biological systems.
Prokaryotic Cell: Simple cells lacking a nucleus, typically smaller and structurally less complex.
Eukaryotic Cell: More complex cells featuring a nucleus and various organelles.

Genetics and Species Diversity

Genes: Units of heredity that convey information from parents to their offspring.
Species: A distinct type of organism capable of interbreeding.
Domain: The highest taxonomic category, encompassing the three domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.

Evolutionary Principles

Evolution: The historical development of species and their adaptations over time.
Natural Selection: The process driving evolution, favoring organisms best suited to their environment.
Individual Variation: The genetic differences among individuals within a population affecting survival and reproduction.
Overproduction of Offspring: The concept explaining that not all offspring will survive to adulthood.
Unequal Reproductive Success: Recognition that some individuals produce more viable offspring than others.

Taxonomy and Classification

Systematics: The scientific discipline focused on classifying living organisms and understanding their relationships.
Taxonomy: The systematic arrangement of organisms based on structural, functional, and evolutionary characteristics.
Carolus Linnaeus: The 'father of taxonomy' who developed binomial nomenclature for naming species.

Hierarchical Complexity and Emergence

Emergent Properties: New attributes that develop at each level of biological complexity that do not exist at lower levels.

Scientific Methodology

Hypothesis: A proposed explanation for observed phenomena.
Theory: A well-supported explanation based on extensive evidence.
Controlled Experiment: Research where only one variable is altered while others remain constant.

Fundamental Chemistry in Biology

Matter: Substances occupying space and possessing mass.
Element: Fundamental substances that cannot be parsed into simpler substances.
Compound: Forms when two or more different elements are chemically combined in fixed ratios.
Atom: The smallest unit of an element retaining its properties.

Atomic Structure and Isotopes

Proton, Neutron, Electron: Subatomic particles with positive, neutral, and negative charges, respectively.
Atomic Number: Counts the protons in an atom's nucleus.
Mass Number: The total of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Isotope: Variants of elements differing in neutron numbers.
Radioactive Isotope: Isotopes that decay, emitting radiation over time.

Chemical Bonds and Molecular Interactions

Chemical Bonds: Forces holding atoms together, vital for compound formation.
Ionic Bond: Formed through electron transfer between atoms, resulting in positively and negatively charged ions.
Covalent Bond: Involves shared electrons between atoms.
Electronegativity: An atom’s affinity for shared electrons, dictating bond type.

Properties of Water

Cohesion and Adhesion: Water molecules’ tendency to stick to themselves and other substances, contributing to surface tension.
Heat and Temperature: Heat represents energy from atomic movement, while temperature measures molecular motion.

Solutions and Acidity

Solution: A homogeneous mixture of substances where molecules are evenly distributed.
Solvent and Solute: The solvent dissolves the solute, which is the substance being dissolved.
Acid and Base: Acids donate H⁺ ions in solutions, while bases accept them.
Buffers: Compounds that stabilize pH levels in biological systems.

Organic Chemistry and Macromolecules

Organic Compounds: Contain carbon and are fundamental for biological systems.
Hydrocarbons: Compounds consisting solely of hydrogen and carbon atoms.
Macromolecules and Polymers: Large molecules made of smaller units (monomers) connected through chemical reactions.
Dehydration Reaction: A process where two molecules combine with water removal; hydrolysis is the reverse, adding water to split molecules.

Carbohydrates and Energy Storage

Carbohydrates: Organic compounds for energy storage and release, existing as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose: Types of polysaccharides used for energy storage and structural integrity in organisms.

Structural Polysaccharides

Chitin: A structural polysaccharide found in fungi and arthropod exoskeletons.

Lipids and Fats

Lipids: Nonpolar molecules essential for cell structure and energy storage, including fats composed of glycerol and fatty acids.

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Description

Test your knowledge of essential biological terms with these flashcards covering Chapters 1-7 from Pearson's biology curriculum. Each card provides a definition to help you understand key concepts including ecosystems, communities, and the biosphere. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their learning and prepare for exams.