Questions and Answers
Explain why a person with a leaking heart valve has difficulty exercising.
Backflow of blood can happen so less blood leaves the heart, leading to less oxygen supplied to the muscles, resulting in less aerobic respiration and less efficient muscle contraction. This causes anaerobic respiration to take place, leading to less efficient removal of lactic acid, which builds up and causes muscle fatigue. Additionally, there is less efficient removal of carbon dioxide from the blood.
Evaluate the use of mechanical replacement heart valves and biological replacement heart valves.
Mechanical valves are longer lasting and less likely to need replacing within 6 years, but blood clots are more likely to occur after surgery. Biological valves require no additional medication. Both are readily available with little wait time.
Where is carbohydrase produced?
Carbohydrase is produced in the salivary glands, pancreas, and small intestine.
Explain why pancreatic cancer can cause weight loss.
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Explain how a monoclonal antibody works to treat pancreatic cancer.
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Study Notes
Heart Valve Dysfunction and Exercise
- Leaking heart valves cause backflow of blood, reducing blood flow to the rest of the body.
- Insufficient blood supply leads to decreased oxygen availability for muscles during exercise.
- Lower oxygen levels result in decreased aerobic respiration and inefficient muscle contraction.
- Anaerobic respiration increases, leading to lactic acid buildup in muscles.
- Accumulation of lactic acid contributes to muscle fatigue and discomfort during physical activity.
- Impaired removal of carbon dioxide from the blood can also occur, exacerbating exercise difficulties.
Heart Valve Replacement Options
- Mechanical heart valves are durable and typically don’t require replacement for six years or longer.
- Patients with mechanical valves have a higher risk of developing blood clots post-surgery.
- Biological heart valves do not require patients to take additional anticoagulant medications.
- Both mechanical and biological valves are readily available, minimizing wait times for patients.
Carbohydrase Production Sites
- Carbohydrase enzymes are produced in three main locations:
- Salivary glands
- Pancreas
- Small intestine
Weight Loss Due to Pancreatic Cancer
- Pancreatic cancer may lead to a decrease in enzyme production, hindering food digestion.
- Incomplete digestion results in reduced glucose absorption into the bloodstream.
- Lower glucose availability for cellular respiration forces the body to utilize fat stores for energy.
- This metabolic shift contributes to significant weight loss in affected individuals.
Mechanism of Monoclonal Antibody Treatment
- Monoclonal antibodies used in treatment are linked to radioactive substances.
- These antibodies specifically target and attach to tumor cells, minimizing impact on healthy cells.
- The binding of the radioactive substance to cancer cells inhibits their ability to divide and proliferate, helping to manage tumor growth.
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Description
This quiz focuses on understanding the physiological effects of a leaking heart valve, particularly during exercise. It explores how inadequate blood flow impacts muscle function and contributes to fatigue. Test your knowledge with these flashcards to reinforce your learning.
