Biology Overview Quiz

Biology

Definition: The study of living organisms, their structure, function, growth, evolution, and interactions.
Branches:
- Botany: Study of plants.
- Zoology: Study of animals.
- Microbiology: Study of microorganisms.
- Genetics: Study of heredity and variation.
- Ecology: Study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
Cell Theory:
- All living organisms are made of cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of life.
- All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Key Processes:
- Photosynthesis: Conversion of light energy into chemical energy by plants.
- Cellular Respiration: Process of converting glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP) in cells.
- Evolution: Change in the heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations.
Important Concepts:
- DNA: Molecule that carries genetic information.
- Homeostasis: The ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions.
- Natural Selection: Mechanism of evolution where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce.

Physics

Definition: The study of matter, energy, and the fundamental forces of nature.
Branches:
- Classical Mechanics: Study of motion and forces.
- Thermodynamics: Study of heat and energy transfer.
- Electromagnetism: Study of electric and magnetic fields and their interactions.
- Quantum Mechanics: Study of particles at the atomic and subatomic levels.
- Relativity: Study of the effects of gravity and high speeds on time and space.
Key Laws and Principles:
- Newton’s Laws of Motion:
  1. An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a force.
  2. Force equals mass times acceleration (F=ma).
  3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
- Conservation Laws:
  - Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
  - Conservation of Momentum: The total momentum of a closed system remains constant.
Fundamental Forces:
- Gravitational Force: Attraction between masses.
- Electromagnetic Force: Interaction between charged particles.
- Strong Nuclear Force: Holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus.
- Weak Nuclear Force: Responsible for radioactive decay.
Important Concepts:
- Energy: The capacity to do work, exists in various forms (kinetic, potential, thermal).
- Waves and Oscillations: Disturbances that transfer energy through space or matter.
- Relativity: Concept that space and time are interconnected and relative.

Biology

Definition: Study of living organisms, encompassing their structure, function, growth, evolution, and interactions.
Branches of Biology:
- Botany: Focuses on plant life, including their biology and ecology.
- Zoology: Examines animal species, their behavior, and physiology.
- Microbiology: Investigates microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
- Genetics: Explores heredity, gene functions, and variation among organisms.
- Ecology: Analyzes interactions among organisms and their environments.
Cell Theory:
- Establishes that all living things are composed of cells.
- States that the cell is the fundamental unit of life.
- Asserts that all cells arise from existing cells.
Key Biological Processes:
- Photosynthesis: Process whereby plants convert light energy into chemical energy, primarily glucose.
- Cellular Respiration: Mechanism by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP).
- Evolution: Describes the gradual change in heritable traits in biological populations across generations.
Important Concepts:
- DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that contains genetic instructions.
- Homeostasis: The regulation of internal conditions to maintain a stable and balanced state.
- Natural Selection: Evolutionary process where organisms more suited to their environment tend to survive and reproduce.

Physics

Definition: Discipline that studies matter, energy, and the fundamental forces of nature.
Branches of Physics:
- Classical Mechanics: Studies the motion of objects and the forces that influence that motion.
- Thermodynamics: Investigates heat, energy transfer, and the laws governing these processes.
- Electromagnetism: Explores electric and magnetic forces and their interactions.
- Quantum Mechanics: Addresses physical phenomena at atomic and subatomic scales.
- Relativity: Explains how gravity and high velocities affect the properties of time and space.
Key Laws and Principles:
- Newton’s Laws of Motion:
  - An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
  - Force is defined as mass times acceleration (F=ma).
  - For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Conservation Laws:
- Conservation of Energy: Energy in a closed system cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change form.
- Conservation of Momentum: Total momentum of an isolated system remains constant unless acted upon by an external force.
Fundamental Forces:
- Gravitational Force: Attraction that occurs between masses.
- Electromagnetic Force: Force acting between charged particles.
- Strong Nuclear Force: Force that binds protons and neutrons together in atomic nuclei.
- Weak Nuclear Force: Force responsible for processes like radioactive decay.
Important Concepts:
- Energy: The capacity to perform work; exists in forms such as kinetic, potential, and thermal.
- Waves and Oscillations: Disturbances that carry energy through different mediums.
- Relativity: The interconnected nature of space and time, dependent on relative motion.