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Questions and Answers
What do ventricles have more of compared to atria?
muscle
What happens in a successful collision between an enzyme and substrate?
All active sites of an enzyme can be filled with substrate molecules.
False
What is the limiting factor in enzyme-catalyzed reactions when substrate concentration is high?
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Where is DNA located in eukaryotic cells?
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Where is DNA found in prokaryotic cells?
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Which of the following is a feature of eukaryotic cells?
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What two anaerobic pathways are used to remove hydrogen from NADred?
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What happens to lactate when oxygen becomes available?
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Study Notes
The Heart and Blood Flow
- Ventricles have more muscle than atria, resulting in a larger QRS complex amplitude compared to the P wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG).
- Blood pressure and flow rate decrease with distance from the heart.
Enzyme Kinetics
- Enzyme activity depends on the number of free active sites.
- Increasing substrate concentration initially increases reaction rate, but plateaus when all active sites are saturated.
- Enzyme concentration becomes the limiting factor when all active sites are saturated.
Cell Structure
- Eukaryotes: DNA is enclosed within the nucleus.
- Prokaryotes: DNA is loose in the cytoplasm.
Protoctista and Plantae Characteristics
- Protoctista: Single-celled or multicellular, eukaryotic, have mitochondria, some have chloroplasts, 80S ribosomes, some have vacuoles, some have cellulose cell walls, autotrophic or heterotrophic nutrition.
- Plantae: Multicellular, eukaryotic, have nucleus, have mitochondria, have chloroplasts, 80S ribosomes, have ER, a large permanent vacuole, cellulose cell walls, autotrophic nutrition.
Advantages of Eukaryotic Cells
- Harmful chemicals like enzymes can be isolated in organelles.
- Substances with specific functions, like chlorophyll, can be concentrated in one area.
Anaerobic Respiration: Hydrogen Removal
- Animal Muscle Cells: In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate, regenerating NAD.
- Micro-organisms and Plant Cells: Under certain conditions, pyruvate is converted to carbon dioxide and ethanal, with ethanal being reduced to ethanol, regenerating NAD.
Chromosomes
- Chromosomes are composed of DNA and proteins.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in biology, including heart structure and blood flow, enzyme kinetics, and cell types in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. It also explores characteristics of the Protoctista and Plantae kingdoms. Test your knowledge on these fundamental topics in biological sciences.
