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What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?
The Krebs cycle occurs in the cytoplasm.
False
What are the main products of glycolysis?
2 pyruvic acid, 2 NADH, 4 ATP, 2 H2O
The process of cellular respiration converts glucose into _____ to do work.
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Match the following components of cellular respiration to their descriptions:
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What is the primary function of the Electron Transport Chain?
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Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain.
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How many ATP molecules are generated by the Electron Transport Chain for each glucose molecule?
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The process of ATP synthesis in the Electron Transport Chain is driven by the pressure of _____ ions.
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Match the following components with their respective roles in the Electron Transport Chain:
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What is the main energy molecule found in a cell?
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ATP is considered an effective long-term energy storage molecule.
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What happens when the third phosphate group of ATP is removed?
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Photosynthesis converts sunlight, H2O, and CO2 into ________.
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What structure in chloroplasts contains chlorophyll?
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Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
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The equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O + ________ = C6H12O6 + 6O2.
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The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the thylakoids.
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What is the primary role of NADPH in photosynthesis?
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Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma of the chloroplast.
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What two molecules are produced during the light-dependent reactions and are essential for the light-independent reactions?
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NADP+ can carry excited electrons, becoming ______, which stores energy.
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Match the following components of photosynthesis with their functions:
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Which system in the light-dependent reactions is associated with the absorption of light at 680 nm?
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The main purpose of light-dependent reactions is to produce glucose directly.
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What byproduct is released into the atmosphere during the light-dependent reactions?
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The __________ reactions use sunlight and electrons from chlorophyll to store energy.
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What is the flow of energy in photosynthesis primarily driven by?
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What is produced when pyruvic acid reacts with NADH in anaerobic conditions?
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Lactic acid buildup in muscles is beneficial and does not cause soreness.
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What are the two products of anaerobic fermentation from glucose?
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The process of converting pyruvic acid to lactic acid occurs during __________ exercise.
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Which pathway is more efficient and utilizes oxygen?
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Match the following cellular processes with their characteristics:
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Anaerobic exercise can increase the number of muscle fibers.
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In aerobic exercise, the oxygen supply __________ the demand.
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Study Notes
ATP - The Energy Currency of the Cell
- ATP is the primary energy molecule used by cells.
- ATP is a nucleotide consisting of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
- The breakdown of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate releases energy that cells use to carry out various functions.
- ATP powers processes like the Na+-K+ pump, movement of cell parts, and muscle contraction.
- Cells store energy in glucose, which is a more efficient energy source than ATP.
Photosynthesis - Converting Sunlight to Energy
- Photosynthesis is the process of using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to build glucose.
- Photosynthesis is a key process for life on Earth as it produces oxygen as a byproduct.
- The overall photosynthesis equation is: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
- Chlorophyll is a pigment essential for photosynthesis, absorbing sunlight and exciting electrons.
- Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, specifically in the thylakoids and stroma.
Photosynthesis Reactions
- Photosynthesis is divided into two sets of reactions: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions.
- Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoids and require sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH.
- Light-independent reactions, also known as the Calvin Cycle, occur in the stroma and use ATP and NADPH to create glucose from carbon dioxide.
Light-Dependent Reactions
- Photosystem II captures light energy, splitting water molecules, and releasing oxygen as a byproduct.
- The electrons released from water are passed down an electron transport chain, releasing energy and pumping protons into the thylakoid space.
- The proton gradient drives ATP synthase, producing ATP.
- Photosystem I captures light energy again, boosting electrons to a higher energy level and producing NADPH.
Cellular Respiration - Decomposing Glucose for Energy
- Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms convert glucose into ATP to power cellular functions.
- Cellular respiration utilizes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide and water, which are the products of photosynthesis.
- The equation for cellular respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6CO2 + 6 H2O.
Steps of Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration occurs in three stages: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.
Glycolysis
- Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
- It requires two ATP molecules but produces four ATP molecules, resulting in a net gain of two ATP.
- Glycolysis also produces two molecules of NADH, another electron carrier.
- Glycolysis does not require oxygen and can occur in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Krebs Cycle
- The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
- The cycle breaks down pyruvic acid into CO2, producing NADH, FADH2, and ATP.
Electron Transport Chain
- The electron transport chain takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- NADH and FADH2, produced in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, donate high-energy electrons to a chain of proteins.
- The electrons move down the chain, releasing energy that pumps protons into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient.
- The proton gradient powers ATP synthase, which generates ATP.
- Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, combining with electrons and protons to form water.
Anaerobic Respiration: Fermentation
- In the absence of oxygen, cells utilize fermentation, which is a less efficient way to generate energy.
- Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells during strenuous exercise when oxygen supply is limited.
- It regenerates NAD+, allowing glycolysis to continue, but produces lactic acid as a byproduct.
- Alcohol fermentation is a form of anaerobic respiration that occurs in yeast and some bacteria.
Exercise and Cellular Respiration
- During short bursts of intense exercise, muscles primarily use stored ATP and then engage in lactic acid fermentation for energy.
- Lactic acid accumulation contributes to muscle soreness.
- Aerobic exercise, which relies on cellular respiration, requires a steady supply of oxygen and is more efficient in the long term.
- Training can increase muscle fibers, stored ATP/glucose, and mitochondria to improve performance.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of ATP as the energy currency of cells and the process of photosynthesis that converts sunlight into glucose. This quiz covers key principles, including the structure of ATP, its role in cellular functions, and the significance of photosynthesis for life on Earth. Test your knowledge on these essential biological processes.
