Honors Ch. 9-10 Full Notes PDF

Ch. 9--Photosynthesis I. Main energy molecule in a cell? ATP--adenosine triphosphate A. Made of: adenine ribose 3 phosphates B. Disconnecting ATP’s 3rd phosphate releases nrg, makes ADP (adenosine diph...

Ch. 9--Photosynthesis I. Main energy molecule in a cell? ATP--adenosine triphosphate A. Made of: adenine ribose 3 phosphates B. Disconnecting ATP’s 3rd phosphate releases nrg, makes ADP (adenosine diphosphate)+ 1 phosphate ATP ADP + P + nrg 1. This reaction is what cells use to power Almost all nrg-requiring activities (Na+-K+ pump, moving cell parts, etc) BUT…  ATP is NOT good for long-term nrg storage (you wouldn’t keep a million $ in cash at home) Glucose (C6H12O6)has 90x nrg of ATP, is easily converted into ATP Cells keep some ATP on hand, store rest of nrg in molecules like glucose WHERE DOES GLUCOSE COME FROM?  300 years ago, a Flemish doctor named Jan Van Helmont planted a young willow tree that weighed 2 kg in a pot. He put in 90 kg of dry soil and placed it in bright sunlight. He watered the plant as needed. 5 years later, he removed the tree from the pot and it weighed 77 kg. Where, specifically, did the extra 75 kg come from? A  TREES START AS SEEDS THAT WEIGH LESS THAN A GRAM, AND BECOME TREES THAT CAN WEIGH TONS. WHERE SPECIFICALLY DOES THE MASS COME FROM ? Are you smarter than a Harvard graduate? (3:29)  TREES ARE SOLAR POWERED MACHINES THAT TURN AIR INTO WOOD  Photosynthesis--using sunlight, H2O, CO2 to build glucose (stored nrg) Equation: Nrg (sunlight) 6CO2+ 6H2O C6H12O6+ 6O2 ARE YOU STILL SMARTER THAN A HARVARD GRADUATE (3:15)? Requires chlorophyll: special pigment Has electrons excited easily by sunlight Happens in: II. Photosynthesis in the Chloroplast A. Two sets of reactions (rxns) 1. Light dependent rxns (require sunlight) 2. Light independent reactions (do not require sunlight)—aka the Calvin Cycle B. Structure of Chloroplast: 1. double membrane 2. THYLAKOIDS a. Green membranes containing chlorophyll b. Granum = stack of thylakoids c. Light dependent rxns happen here 3. STROMA—fluid grana float in a. Light independent rxns happen here  NADPH=“The Babysitter” NADP+ can carry excited electrons (becoming NADPH)—this is stored nrg, like ATP’s 3rd phosphate In photosynthesis, it carries them from the light-dependent to the light-independent rxns (thylakoid-->stroma) Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW LI H 2O (FROM SOIL) CO2 (FROM AIR) G HT NADP+ EN ER GY ADP+P LIGHT- Granum DEPENDENT LIGHT-INDEPENDENT RXNS RXNS ATP NADPH These reactions Use sun +chlorophyll’s electrons to store nrg in ATP and NADPH O These 2 molecules 2 Carry nrg to power GLUCOSE This molecule is, like, the whole point (TO AIR) Light-indep. rxns THE LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS LIG LIG HT HT H+ ENE ENE H+ INSIDE H H THYLAKOID H+ H+ RGY + + RGY H+ H H + + H + H H+ + H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ PHOTO- PHOTO- H+ SYSTEM II SYSTEM I Chlorophyll Chlorophyll P700 ATP P680 NADP+ SYNTHASE NADPH 4e- 4H+ H+ ADP + P ATP O2 2H2O OUTSIDE THYLAKOID (SPLIT BY ENZYME) H + ATP SYNTHASE ANIMATION Released into TO LIGHT- atmosphere INDEPENDENT RXNS C. Reactants/products (what goes in, what comes out) 1. Light dependent reactions a. Reactants (in presence of chlorophyll and sunlight) H2O, ADP + P, NADP+ b. Products ATP, NADPH (ENERGY CARRIERS), O2 2. Light independent reactions a. Reactants CO2, ATP, NADPH b. Products GLUCOSE, ADP + P, NADP+  6 C O2 FROM ATMOSPHERE THE CALVIN CYCLE CARBON FIXATION 6 P C C C C C P 12 P C C C 12 AT P 6ADP (RuBP) 6 12ADP 6 AT P 12 P C C C P REGENERATION 12NADPH OF RuBP 4 P REDUCTION 12 NADP+ 10 C C C P 12 C C C P 12 P 2 C C C P C C C C C C  THE LIGHT-INDEPENDENT RXNS CO2 CARBON FIXATION Ribulose Bisphosphate PROVIDE NRG (RuBP) “GRABS” TO POWER THIS CYCLE CO2 FROM AIR REDUCTION ATP REARRANGED REGENERATION INTO VARIOUS (FROM LIGHT- SOME ARE DEPENDENT RXNS) 3-CARBON RECYCLED INTO RuBP to MOLECULES NADPH GRAB MORE CO2 PROVIDE NRG (AND HYDROGEN) TO POWER THIS CYCLE SOME ARE MADE INTO GLUCOSE GLUCOSE (C6H12O6) Ch. 10-cell respiration I. Overview: A. Cellular Respiration = how organisms convert GLUCOSE into ATP to do work B. Equation: RELEASES NRG! C6H12O6+ 6 O2 6CO2+ 6 H 2O C. Relationship to photosynthesis? D. Three sets of rxns: 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs cycle 3. Electron transport chain II. Glycolysis A. Splits Glucose (6 C) into two pyruvic acids (3 C each) B. Requires 2 ATP C. Produces 4 ATP (net gain of 2), 2 NADH (another electron babysitter) D. All cells do it E. Does NOT require O2 F. Happens in cytoplasm 1. Reactants: glucose, 2ATP, 2NAD+, 4ADP + P 2. Products: 2 pyruvic acid, 2 NADH, 4 ATP, 2 H2O  C C C C C C GLUCOSE AT P AT P ADP ADP P C C C C C C P 6-CARBON SUGAR DIPHOSPHATE C C C P C C C P 2 3-CARBON SUGAR PHOSPHATES NAD+ NAD+ NADH NADH 2ADP +1P P 2ADP+1P P 2AT P 2AT P C C C C C C 2 PYRUVATE (aka PYRUVIC ACID) Animations Glycolysis animation 1 Glycolysis animation 2 Glycolysis animation 3 P III. The Krebs Cycle (aka the Citric Acid Cycle) A. Pyruvic acid (C3H4O3)is broken down into CO2 molecules B. A BUNCH of NADH AND FADH2 (high-nrg electron carriers) are produced C. 2 ATP are produced D. Reactants: Pyruvic acid, FAD, NAD+, ADP +P E. Products: CO2, FADH2, NADH, ATP F. NEXT: NADH and FADH2 from Glycolysis and Krebs goes to… THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN H+ H+ NAD+ NADH INTERMEMBRANE H + H H SPACE H H + H+ + + H+ + H + H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ ATP SYNTHASE H+ H+ H+ MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX ADP + P H+ ATP 4e- FROM 2 O 4H+ atmosphere 2H2O IV. The Electron Transport Chain A. The “treadmill” for high-nrg electrons donated from NADH and FADH2 B. “Jump” along chain of proteins, releasing nrg each step and pushing protons into intermembrane space C. ATP Synthase— “water wheel” thing that uses proton pressure to make ATP D. Generates 32 ATP for each glucose ETC continued F. To keep chain from getting backed up, something must remove electrons G. OXYGEN is the final electron acceptor O2 + 4H+ + 4 e-  2H2O H. Reactants: NADH, FADH2, O2, ADP + P I. Products: ATP, H2O, NAD+, FAD  Glucose (C6H12O6) NADH CO2 2ATP NA D H O2 FA D H2 2 Pyruvic acid (C3H4O3) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron transport chain NA H2O + D NAD+ 4ATP (2 net) 2ATP 32 H2O ATP  V. Fermentation A. No O2 available? Glycolysis only works until NAD+ (available babysitters) runs out B. Alternate pathway to Krebs/e- transport is FERMENTATION C. Allows glycolysis to continue (supplies NAD+, which is a necessary glycolysis Reactant) 1. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION --Occurs in some fungi (yeast), bacteria Pyruvic acid + NADH Ethyl alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ COOH CH2OH C O CH3 CH3 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation a. Changes pyruvic acid into lactic acid b. YOUR muscle cells switch to this pathway during strenuous exercise c. L.A. formation creates O2 debt d. L.A. enters blood, travels to liver, is changed back to glucose Pyruvic acid + NADH Lactic acid + NAD+ COOH COOH C O H C OH CH3 CH3  IF NO OXYGEN PRESENT… NADH Glucose CO2 x (C6H12O6) NADH 2ATP NAD H O2 x 2 Pyruvic acid (C3H4O3) 2 Pyruvic acid (C3H4O3) Glycol Krebs Fermentation Cycle x ysis Electron H2 transport NAD+ chain O Lactic acid (or CO2 and alcohol) 4ATP (2 net) x x 2ATP 32 ATP H2 O VI. Exercise and Human muscle cells A. First ~15-30 sec—stored ATP used. Easy! B. Next ~90 sec—anaerobic exercise--lactic acid fermentation—quick nrg 1. Lactic acid can only be removed by O2 2. Buildup causes sore muscles 3. Anaerobic training increases # of fibers, size, stored ATP/glucose C. Longer (aerobic) exercise—oxidative cell respiration 1. Slower pathway, but more efficient 2. Oxygen supply catches up with demand (incr. breathing, heartbeat) 3. Aerobic training increases amount of hemoglobin, blood vessels, mitochondria