Biology of You: Cell and Molecular Biology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of an organism's organ systems?

  • To carry out complex functions that maintain life (correct)
  • To break down macromolecules into monomers
  • To generate energy from food
  • To protect the body from external pathogens

What process is responsible for breaking down food into its monomers?

  • Catabolism (correct)
  • Anabolism
  • Homeostasis
  • Dehydration synthesis

Which of the following best describes hydration synthesis?

  • An anabolic process that builds macromolecules from monomers (correct)
  • A cellular respiration process that produces ATP
  • A catabolic reaction that releases energy
  • A nutrient absorption process in the gastrointestinal tract

Which macromolecule is NOT classified among the four main types found in the human body?

<p>Amino acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a eukaryotic cell, what distinguishes its plasma membrane's primary function?

<p>Regulating the entry and exit of substances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for ribosomes to correctly build proteins?

<p>mRNA and amino acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a protein that is denatured?

<p>It loses its 3D shape and cannot function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protein is responsible for speeding up chemical reactions in cells?

<p>Enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might antibiotics that inactivate ribosomes be effective against bacterial infections?

<p>They prevent bacteria from building proteins necessary for survival (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of glycoproteins?

<p>They serve as recognition molecules for cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of phospholipids contributes to the semipermeable nature of the plasma membrane?

<p>Hydrophobic fatty acid tails and hydrophilic head groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of cytoplasm by volume?

<p>Water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which macromolecule in the cytoplasm is essential for providing the cell with structure?

<p>Cytoskeleton proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do carbohydrates play in cellular metabolism?

<p>They provide energy to the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hydrophilic part of a phospholipid interacts primarily with which of the following?

<p>Water and other polar substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of DNA compared to RNA?

<p>DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is usually single-stranded. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a nucleotide?

<p>A nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a sugar. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogenous bases are found in DNA?

<p>A, T, C, G (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the sugar in RNA from the sugar in DNA?

<p>RNA contains ribose sugar, while DNA contains deoxyribose sugar. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do genes play in the functionality of DNA?

<p>Genes contain the instructions for protein synthesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a cell requires a specific protein, what process occurs?

<p>An mRNA copy is made from the gene's information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about RNA is true?

<p>RNA can serve as a temporary copy of the genetic information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do all cells, including animal, plant, and bacterial cells, need DNA and RNA?

<p>DNA and RNA both serve critical functions in storing and transferring genetic information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is essential for identifying an omega-6 fatty acid?

<p>Multiple double bonds in its carbon chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does cholesterol play in the human body?

<p>It provides stability to the plasma membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of cortisol on metabolism?

<p>Enhances the breakdown of stored energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of catabolic reactions?

<p>They break down large molecules into smaller pieces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes anabolic reactions from catabolic reactions?

<p>Anabolic reactions build larger molecules, while catabolic reactions break them down (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes dehydration synthesis?

<p>New molecules are formed while releasing water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does cortisol act in contrast to insulin?

<p>Cortisol stimulates storage, while insulin encourages breakdown. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is primarily responsible for producing cholesterol in the body?

<p>Metabolism of saturated fatty acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is classified as catabolic?

<p>Hydrolysis of starch to glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the breaking down of molecules in biological systems?

<p>Lysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does excessive cholesterol affect the human body?

<p>It can clog blood vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these hormones is an anabolic hormone?

<p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fatty acid does the human body require from external sources because it cannot synthesize them?

<p>Omega-6 fatty acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of hydrolysis in biochemical reactions?

<p>Detachment of monomers from polymers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about macromolecules and their building blocks is accurate?

<p>Macromolecules are broken down through hydrolysis into monomers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an anabolic reaction?

<p>It requires energy input. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Human Body Organization

The human body is organized from smallest to largest: cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organism.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotic cells have both.

Cell Plasma Membrane Function

The cell plasma membrane controls what enters and exits the cell.

Macromolecules

Large molecules made from smaller molecules (monomers).

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Catabolism vs. Anabolism

Catabolism breaks down macromolecules; anabolism builds them.

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DNA Structure

DNA is a double-stranded molecule with two strands of genetic information wound around each other.

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RNA Structure

RNA is typically a single-stranded molecule carrying genetic information.

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Nucleotide

The basic building block of DNA and RNA, containing a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

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Nitrogenous Bases (DNA)

The four nitrogenous bases found in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).

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Nitrogenous Bases (RNA)

The four nitrogenous bases found in RNA are adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).

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Deoxyribose Sugar

The sugar found in DNA nucleotides.

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Ribose Sugar

The sugar found in RNA nucleotides.

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Genetic Information Storage

DNA stores all the genetic instructions for building and maintaining an organism.

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Ribosomes: Protein Factories

Ribosomes are cellular structures responsible for building proteins. They read mRNA instructions and connect amino acids in the correct order.

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Protein Structure & Function

Proteins are long chains of amino acids that fold into specific 3D shapes. This shape is essential for their function in the cell.

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Denatured Proteins

Proteins lose their 3D shape and function when exposed to extreme conditions, like high temperature or pH changes.

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Cytoskeleton Protein Function

Cytoskeleton proteins provide structure and support to cells, giving them their 3D shape.

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Enzyme Function

Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells. Some build molecules (anabolic), while others break them down (catabolic).

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Plasma Membrane

The outer boundary of a cell that controls what enters and exits. It's made of a phospholipid bilayer with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.

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Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic

Hydrophilic molecules attract water, like the heads of phospholipids in the cell membrane. Hydrophobic molecules repel water, like the tails of phospholipids.

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Semipermeable Membrane

A membrane that allows some substances to pass through but blocks others, like the cell membrane.

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Cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance within a cell's membrane, containing water, organelles, dissolved salts, and macromolecules.

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Carbohydrates: Cell's Food

Carbohydrates provide energy to cells. Their stored energy is released through catabolic reactions.

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Cortisol's effect on metabolism

Cortisol increases the breakdown of stored energy (glycogen) and promotes the release of fatty acids from triglycerides. It also inhibits the building of new proteins.

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Insulin's effect on metabolism

Insulin promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen and the synthesis of proteins. It also inhibits the breakdown of stored energy (glycogen) and the release of fatty acids.

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Anabolic hormone

A hormone that promotes the building of new molecules, such as proteins and glycogen.

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Catabolic hormone

A hormone that promotes the breakdown of molecules into smaller units, releasing energy.

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Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction where water breaks a bond between monomers, releasing them.

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Dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction where water is removed from monomers, forming a new bond between them.

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Monomers

The basic building blocks of macromolecules.

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Omega-6 Fatty Acid

An unsaturated fatty acid essential for human growth, but our bodies cannot make them.

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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond.

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How to Identify Omega-6

An Omega-6 fatty acid has a double bond on the sixth carbon atom from the methyl end (CH3) of the fatty acid chain.

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Phospholipids

Lipids that make up cell membranes, each with two fatty acid tails.

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Cholesterol Function

Cholesterol helps maintain membrane stability, is used to make hormones, and can contribute to blood vessel clogging.

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Sterol Hormones

Hormones like testosterone, estrogen, and cortisol, made from cholesterol.

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Catabolic Reactions

Reactions that break down large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy.

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Anabolic Reactions

Reactions that build larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy.

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Study Notes

Lesson 1: The Biology of You

  • This lesson is about cell and molecular biology (BIOL 1441)
  • Students will be able to explain how the human body is organized, from smallest cells to largest organism
  • Learners will identify and list the structures found in all cell types
  • Students will learn the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, with examples
  • The function of a cell's plasma membrane is also introduced
  • The four main macromolecules in the human body are explained, along with examples
  • Understanding how macromolecules function in anabolic and catabolic reactions is also covered
  • Key processes like hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis are detailed
  • The chemical processes that take place when a person eats are explained
  • Key structures like organs and tissues form the organ systems, which are responsible for keeping the organism alive
  • Cells are the fundamental units of life
  • Cells must be separated from their environment, create energy from food, grow, and reproduce, to be alive
  • Lipids form a plasma membrane barrier, regulating what enters and exits
  • Carbohydrates provide easy energy
  • Proteins carry out complex cellular tasks
  • Nucleic acids store and pass along genetic information
  • Cells can be classified as prokaryotic or eukaryotic based on where genetic information is located
  • Prokaryotic cells have genetic material in a nucleoid region; examples include bacterial cells
  • Eukaryotic cells have genetic material in a membrane-enclosed nucleus; examples include animal and plant cells
  • The practice examples show how to differentiate prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells given images
  • DNA and RNA are fundamental to all cells, carrying genetic information
  • DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is usually single-stranded
  • The monomers that build DNA and RNA are nucleotides
  • Nucleotides have a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base (A, T, G, C, or U), which defines the nucleotide
  • DNA stores all the genetic information in a cell, while genes hold directions for making proteins
  • mRNA copies the genetic information from DNA in the process of transcription and translation
  • Ribosomes, a cell's protein-building machines, exist in all cells
  • To build proteins, ribosomes need mRNA and amino acids
  • Proteins are long amino acid chains folding into 3D shapes, crucial for cell function
  • Proteins must have the correct 3D structure to perform their function
  • Incorrect temperature or pH, or exposure to toxins can denature proteins
  • Proteins perform many functions, including providing structure (cytoskeleton), accelerating reactions (enzymes), and acting as identifiers (glycoproteins)
  • Some antibiotics target bacterial ribosomes to disrupt their function, and inhibit bacteria growth
  • The plasma membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, protecting the hydrophobic tails from water
  • The plasma membrane controls the passage of molecules, being semipermeable
  • Cytoplasm comprises a watery solution within a cell
  • Cytoplasm includes organelles and dissolved macromolecules like salts and proteins
  • Cytoskeleton proteins give cells their shape within the cytoplasm. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions, while carbohydrates provide energy to the cell
  • Carbohydrates are categorized by size
  • Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose) have one sugar molecule
  • Disaccharides (e.g., sucrose) have two sugar molecules
  • Polysaccharides (e.g., starch) have many sugar molecules
  • Carbohydrates, especially glycogen in animals, and starch in plants, are a quick source of energy
  • Fats/lipids are used primarily for long-term energy storage in animals; the primary form is triglycerides
  • Triglycerides have a glycerol head and three fatty acid tails, with energy stored in the chemical bonds of fatty acid tails
  • Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated, impacting their state at room temperature
  • Cholesterol is a lipid with four carbon rings; obtained through diet or made by the liver
  • Cholesterol affects the stability of the plasma membrane and is used to make sterol hormones
  • Catabolic reactions break down larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy
  • Anabolic reactions build larger molecules from smaller ones, using energy
  • Cortisol is a sterol hormone released by the body during stress, which alters the body's metabolic processes
  • Cortisol increases glycogen breakdown and decreases protein production.

Stop & Think It Through

  • Why do all cells (animal, plant, and bacterial) need DNA and RNA?
  • What effect would antibiotics that inactivate bacterial ribosomes have?
  • Why is storing energy as glycogen, rather than triglycerides, good for skeletal muscle cells?

Learning Objectives (Study Guide)

    1. Explain human body organization
  1. List structures in all cell types
  2. Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
  3. Describe the plasma membrane's function 5 . List four major macromolecules
  4. Identify examples of each macromolecule
  5. Describe the function of each macromolecule
  6. Explain anabolic and catabolic reactions
  7. Explain hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis

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Lesson 1: The Biology of You - BIOL 1441 PDF

Description

Explore the foundations of cell and molecular biology with this quiz based on lesson 1 of BIOL 1441. You'll learn about the organization of the human body, cell types, macromolecules, and key processes like hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis. Test your understanding of the fundamental concepts that sustain life.

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