Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Regulation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What role does the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) play in regulating circadian rhythms?

  • It entrains the circadian rhythm based on light and dark information. (correct)
  • It regulates the body's internal clock using electrical signals only.
  • It inhibits the production of orexin during daylight.
  • It communicates directly with sleep centers to induce sleep.

    • Which of the following chemicals are secreted by the lateral hypothalamus to stabilize sleep states?

  • Serotonin and Dopamine
  • Cortisol and Norepinephrine
  • Endorphins and GABA
  • Orexin and Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) (correct)

    • What is the main interaction between arousal centers and sleep centers in the regulation of sleep-wake states?

  • Both centers inhibit each other to establish wakefulness or sleep. (correct)
  • Arousal centers condition sleep centers to adjust to circadian cycles.
  • Sleep centers directly stimulate the arousal centers to maintain wakefulness.
  • Arousal centers facilitate sleep by producing melatonin.

    • What are the two primary drivers of sleepiness mentioned in the content?

    <p>Circadian rhythm and homeostatic sleep drive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it undesirable to exist in a state that is 'halfway between awake and asleep'?

    <p>It undermines the efficiency of the regulatory feedback between sleep and arousal systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter released by spinal inhibitory neurons during REM sleep?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of sleep involves large delta waves oscillating in activity between the thalamus and cortex?

    <p>N3 sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the sleep architecture of elderly subjects compare to that of younger adults?

    <p>They have shorter and fewer periods of N3 sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In healthy young adults, when does most deep sleep (N3) typically occur?

    <p>At the beginning of the sleep session</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes N2 sleep in terms of its EEG patterns?

    <p>Theta waves with sleep spindles and K complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of transitions from wakefulness to REM sleep?

    <p>They require prior progression through deeper stages like N3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the duration of N3 and REM sleep as a person ages?

    <p>Both N3 and REM sleep periods decrease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the characteristics of N1 sleep?

    <p>Theta rhythm with muscle activity and easily woken up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which sleep stage is the electrical activity in the cortical association areas typically not synchronized?

    <p>REM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the early sleep periods of a healthy young adult?

    <p>They have the longest period of N3 sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gold standard for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?

    <p>Polysomnogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically included in the physical examination for diagnosing OSA?

    <p>Cardiac enzyme testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor increases the risk of obstructive sleep apnea?

    <p>High Mallampati score</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of sleep terrors in children?

    <p>Lack of memory of the event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of sleep do sleepwalking behaviors occur most frequently?

    <p>N3 sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about REM sleep behavior disorder is true?

    <p>It is characterized by violent movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which additional testing may be performed for patients suspected of having cardiac issues related to OSA?

    <p>Home BP monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can parasomnias like sleepwalking and sleep terrors typically be managed?

    <p>Ensuring adequate sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of narcolepsy with cataplexy?

    <p>Viral respiratory infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) typically present?

    <p>Large movements of the legs during sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a noted association in the pathogenesis of restless legs syndrome (RLS)?

    <p>Iron deficiency in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter's activity is often disrupted in patients with restless legs syndrome?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment strategy is commonly used for narcolepsy?

    <p>Antidepressants to enhance noradrenergic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hypothesized cause of discomfort in restless legs syndrome?

    <p>Inadequate nighttime dopamine activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of adults is commonly reported to experience restless legs syndrome?

    <p>5 - 10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between iron transport and dopamine synthesis in restless legs syndrome?

    <p>Impaired iron transport affects dopamine processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of obstructive sleep apnea?

    <p>Intermittent cessation of breathing during sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is more likely to experience periodic limb movement disorder?

    <p>Older adults and women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of melatonin in regulating circadian rhythms?

    <p>Syncing the SCN to light-dark cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor type is most likely involved in the long-term maintenance of sleep due to melatonin?

    <p>MT-2 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does extrinsic stress affect sleep quality according to the discussed mechanisms?

    <p>It can significantly disrupt sleep quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes cataplexy in individuals with narcolepsy?

    <p>Sudden and temporary loss of muscle tone triggered by emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is suggested to drive the desire for sleep after prolonged wakefulness?

    <p>Build-up of extracellular adenosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of sleep paralysis as experienced in narcolepsy?

    <p>It can be alleviated by external stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy?

    <p>It leads to sleep attacks that are hard to resist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological cycles does melatonin secretion help entrain?

    <p>Core body temperature and cortisol secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What generally characterizes the sleep patterns of a healthy individual compared to someone with narcolepsy?

    <p>A healthy individual's NREM sleep precedes REM sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the A1 and A2a receptors contribute to sleep and wakefulness?

    <p>A1 receptors inhibit arousal pathways and A2a facilitate sleep-promoting pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often the emotional trigger for cataplexy in narcoleptic patients?

    <p>Surprise or humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately captures a common misconception about sleep behaviors in narcolepsy?

    <p>Daytime napping occurs frequently and is hard to resist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the retinohypothalamic fibers in the SCN's functioning?

    <p>They synchronize the SCN with light information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes hypopnea in obstructive sleep apnea?

    <p>An airflow reduction of 30% for at least 10 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is least likely to be reported by someone with obstructive sleep apnea?

    <p>Feelings of cataplexy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often the most affected area leading to airway collapse in obstructive sleep apnea?

    <p>Soft palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is not commonly associated with the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea?

    <p>High adherence to a pescatarian diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does obesity contribute to obstructive sleep apnea?

    <p>It narrows the pharyngeal lumen due to fat deposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the sensitivity to carbon dioxide concentrations play in obstructive sleep apnea?

    <p>It affects arousal thresholds and ventilatory drive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic factor is associated with a higher risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea?

    <p>Older age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms might indicate the presence of obstructive sleep apnea?

    <p>Involuntary periods of napping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is generally used for confirming obstructive sleep apnea?

    <p>Polysomnography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential consequence does weight gain have on the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)?

    <p>An increase in AHI by more than 30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what sleep phase might obstructive sleep apnea be most severe?

    <p>REM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does nasal obstruction complicate obstructive sleep apnea?

    <p>It encourages mouth breathing, leading to tongue displacement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of obstructive sleep apnea cases is estimated to be due to excess weight?

    <p>40% - 60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is least likely to be associated with obstructive sleep apnea?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

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