Biology of Radiation and Cell Respiration

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Questions and Answers

What is the most likely result of increasing radiation doses on non-cancerous cells when treated with bark extract?

Percentage of damaged cells decreases.

Percentage of damaged cells fluctuates erratically.

Percentage of damaged cells increases. (correct)

Percentage of damaged cells remains constant.

What does a Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient of +1 indicate in the context of the data?

No correlation between radiation dose and cell damage.

Irregular relationship between radiation dose and cell damage.

A strong positive correlation between radiation dose and cell damage. (correct)

A strong negative correlation between radiation dose and cell damage.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between radiation dose and cell damage in both groups?

Only the group with bark extract showed a positive correlation.

There is no significant correlation between the two in both cases. (correct)

Both groups demonstrated a negative correlation.

Both groups showed no damage regardless of radiation dose.

Which statement about the error bars in the graph is accurate?

They represent the range of data points at each dose level. Signup and view all the answers

What does an increasing standard deviation in the data sets indicate regarding variability?

Greater variability in cell damage measurements. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the role of acetylcholine at a synapse?

Acetylcholine is broken down by enzymes so that it can bind to structure K. Signup and view all the answers

What can be concluded if the error bars for 'with extract' are larger than those for 'without extract'?

There is higher variability in the 'with extract' group. Signup and view all the answers

Which statistical test is the least appropriate for comparing the means of two groups based on the given investigation?

chi-squared test Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an action potential reaches structure J in the synapse?

Structure J is a voltage gated Ca2+ channel. Signup and view all the answers

What does a Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient between 0 and +1 imply regarding radiation doses and cell damage?

A moderate positive correlation exists. Signup and view all the answers

How does GABA function as a neurotransmitter at a synapse?

GABA reduces the number of action potentials by opening chloride ion channels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of GABA on the postsynaptic membrane?

GABA decreases the likelihood of action potentials by hyperpolarizing the membrane. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these actions does structure L perform in a synapse?

Structure L is released by exocytosis upon stimulation. Signup and view all the answers

What feature of the colorimeter affects the precision of absorbance readings?

The display type showing absorbance units Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following improvements would help reduce systematic errors when using a colorimeter?

Check the zero value with purified water Signup and view all the answers

Why is it beneficial to repeat the measurement of the rate of reaction three times?

To improve the reliability of the results Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of asking students in several schools to conduct the same investigation?

To reduce individual bias in results Signup and view all the answers

Which improvement directly addresses the issue of reproducibility in an experiment?

The colorimeter should have a digital display Signup and view all the answers

In the context of this experiment, what does increasing resolution refer to?

Using a more sensitive measurement technique Signup and view all the answers

What might be a consequence of not checking the zero value of the colorimeter before use?

The measurements may be consistently too high or too low Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using thin layer chromatography (TLC) in the investigation of spinach leaves?

To separate and identify photosynthetic pigments Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the endosymbiosis theory regarding the evolution of mitochondria?

Mitochondria evolved from bacteria incorporated into other cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic supporting the endosymbiosis theory?

Mitochondria have no similarity to bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

What represents a structural feature of mitochondria that supports the endosymbiosis theory?

The size similar to prokaryotic cells. Signup and view all the answers

How do the evolutionary implications of the endosymbiosis theory challenge the traditional view of cellular evolution?

It indicates complex cells originated from mutualistic relationships. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the endosymbiosis theory, why is the presence of a double membrane in mitochondria significant?

It suggests an ancient engulfment of prokaryotic cells. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the concentration of RuBP when CO2 concentration is reduced?

It decreases after an initial spike. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of RuBP in algae during photosynthesis?

It captures and fixes CO2. Signup and view all the answers

How does the concentration of GP typically respond to a decrease in CO2 concentration?

It initially decreases and then stabilizes. Signup and view all the answers

What might be the immediate effect on GP concentrations immediately after CO2 reduction?

GP concentrations fall steadily. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the expected time course of RuBP concentrations after CO2 concentration is reduced?

Declines sharply then plateaus. Signup and view all the answers

Why might GP concentrations stabilize after an initial decrease?

A decline in RuBP concentration limits further decrease. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of the process that uses RuBP and GP in algae?

Calvin cycle. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is likely the primary reason for changes in RuBP and GP concentrations in algae?

CO2 concentration fluctuation. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Correlation Between Radiation Dose and Cell Damage

There is a positive correlation between radiation dose and cell damage
Increasing radiation dose leads to increased cell damage
The positive correlation is stronger in cells without the extract
Increased radiation dose is associated with increased cell damage

Data Variance in the Graph

Error bars represent the standard deviation
The "with extract" group shows a greater range of variation of data at each radiation dose
Error bars represent how much variability there is in measurements, not the range of data

Respirometer

The respirometer is a device used to measure the rate of respiration
The setup consists of two chambers, each containing germinating seeds for different respiration conditions
The respirometer measures the rate of oxygen uptake in the seeds, which is a measure of metabolism
The volume of gas is measured by the movement of a liquid in a graduated tube

Synapse

Neurotransmitters are the chemical signals that transmit information between neurons
Structure J is a voltage-gated calcium channel that opens when an action potential travels down the axon
Structure L is the presynaptic vesicle, containing neurotransmitters
The neurotransmitters are released by exocytosis where the vesicle fuses with the presynaptic membrane
Structure K is the neurotransmitter receptor on the post-synaptic membrane
GABA is a neurotransmitter that causes hyperpolarization of the post-synaptic membrane by opening chloride ion channels

Effects of Reducing CO2

When CO2 concentration is reduced the concentration of RuBP increases
When CO2 concentration is reduced the concentration of GP decreases
Reduced CO2 limits carboxylation reactions so RuBP accumulates and GP is used up

Endosymbiosis Theory

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membrane

Colorimeter

Systematic error is the same error for all measurements
Random error is variability between repeated measurements
Resolution is the smallest value that can be measured
Repeatability is the consistency of measurements under the same conditions
Reproducibility is the consistency of measurements using different methods
A digital colorimeter with higher resolution reduces the random error
Checking the zero value of the colorimeter with purified water before use reduces the systematic error
Repeating the measurements several times and calculating the mean reduces the random error

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Description

This quiz explores the relationship between radiation dose and cell damage, as well as the functioning of a respirometer in measuring respiration. It also touches on data variance represented through error bars in experimental results. Dive into these critical biological concepts and test your understanding.