Biology: Nutrition and Respiration

Nutrition

• Definition: Process by which living organisms obtain and utilize nutrients for energy, growth, and maintenance.
• Types:
  • Autotrophic nutrition: Organisms produce their own food through photosynthesis (e.g., plants, algae).
  • Heterotrophic nutrition: Organisms obtain food by consuming other organisms or organic matter (e.g., animals, fungi).

Respiration

• Definition: Process by which living organisms break down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP.
• Types:
  • Aerobic respiration: Occurs in the presence of oxygen, producing CO2 and H2O as byproducts.
  • Anaerobic respiration: Occurs in the absence of oxygen, producing lactic acid or ethanol and CO2 as byproducts.

Transportation

• Definition: Process by which living organisms move substances within their bodies or between their bodies and the environment.
• Types:
  • Circulatory system: Transport of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products through blood vessels (e.g., humans, animals).
  • Xylem and phloem: Transport of water, nutrients, and sugars through plant vascular tissues.

Excretion

• Definition: Process by which living organisms remove waste products from their bodies.
• Types:
  • Kidneys: Filter waste and excess substances from the blood, producing urine (e.g., humans, animals).
  • Leaves: Remove excess water and minerals through transpiration (e.g., plants).

Regulation

• Definition: Process by which living organisms maintain homeostasis and respond to changes in their environment.
• Types:
  • Nervous system: Coordinates responses to stimuli through nerve impulses (e.g., humans, animals).
  • Hormone regulation: Chemical messengers control growth, development, and metabolism (e.g., humans, animals, plants).

Growth and Development

• Definition: Process by which living organisms increase in size, complexity, and function.
• Types:
  • Cell division: Increase in cell number through mitosis and meiosis.
  • Differentiation: Specialization of cells into specific types and tissues.
  • Morphogenesis: Formation of shape and structure through tissue organization.

Reproduction

• Definition: Process by which living organisms produce offspring.
• Types:
  • Sexual reproduction: Combination of genetic material from two parents (e.g., humans, animals, plants).
  • Asexual reproduction: Production of offspring from a single parent (e.g., bacteria, protists).

Nutrition

• Autotrophic nutrition occurs through photosynthesis in organisms like plants and algae, producing their own food.
• Heterotrophic nutrition involves consuming other organisms or organic matter for energy, seen in animals and fungi.
• Nutrition is essential for energy, growth, and maintenance in living organisms.

Respiration

• Aerobic respiration breaks down glucose in the presence of oxygen, producing CO2, H2O, and ATP.
• Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, resulting in lactic acid or ethanol and CO2 production.
• Respiration releases energy from glucose in the form of ATP.

Transportation

• The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste products through blood vessels in humans and animals.
• Xylem and phloem tissues transport water, nutrients, and sugars in plant vascular systems.
• Transportation is crucial for maintaining cellular and tissue functions.

Excretion

• Kidneys filter waste and excess substances from the blood, producing urine in humans and animals.
• Leaves remove excess water and minerals through transpiration in plants.
• Excretion removes waste products from the body to maintain homeostasis.

Regulation

• The nervous system coordinates responses to stimuli through nerve impulses in humans and animals.
• Hormone regulation uses chemical messengers to control growth, development, and metabolism in humans, animals, and plants.
• Regulation maintains homeostasis and responds to environmental changes.

Growth and Development

• Cell division increases cell number through mitosis and meiosis.
• Differentiation specializes cells into specific types and tissues.
• Morphogenesis forms shape and structure through tissue organization.
• Growth and development result in increased size, complexity, and function.

Reproduction

• Sexual reproduction combines genetic material from two parents, seen in humans, animals, and plants.
• Asexual reproduction produces offspring from a single parent, found in bacteria and protists.
• Reproduction ensures the continuation of a species.