Biology - Nutrition and Respiration

Nutrition

• The process of obtaining and utilizing energy and nutrients from food
• Includes:
  • Ingestion: taking in food and water
  • Digestion: breaking down food into smaller molecules
  • Absorption: absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream
  • Assimilation: using nutrients for energy and growth
  • Egestion: removing waste products

Respiration

• The process of obtaining energy from the breakdown of glucose and other organic molecules
• Includes:
  • Breathing: taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide
  • Cellular respiration: converting glucose into energy (ATP)
  • Fermentation: anaerobic respiration, occurs in the absence of oxygen

Transportation

• The process of moving substances and oxygen throughout the body
• Includes:
  • Blood circulation: transportation of oxygen and nutrients to cells
  • Lymphatic system: defense against disease and infection

Excretion

• The process of removing waste and excess substances from the body
• Includes:
  • Urine formation: removal of waste and excess substances through the kidneys
  • Defecation: removal of waste through the digestive system
  • Perspiration: removal of excess heat and water through the skin

Regulation and Control

• The process of maintaining homeostasis and responding to stimuli
• Includes:
  • Nervous system: transmission and processing of information
  • Endocrine system: production and regulation of hormones
  • Feedback mechanisms: regulation of body processes to maintain homeostasis

Movement and Locomotion

• The process of movement and change in position
• Includes:
  • Muscular system: contraction and relaxation of muscles
  • Skeletal system: support and movement of the body

Growth and Development

• The process of growth, development, and reproduction
• Includes:
  • Cell division: growth and development of tissues
  • Differentiation: specialization of cells and tissues
  • Reproduction: production of offspring

Nutrition

• Ingestion involves taking in food and water, which is then broken down into smaller molecules during digestion
• Absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream occurs through the walls of the intestines
• Assimilation is the process of using absorbed nutrients for energy and growth
• Egestion involves the removal of waste products from the body

Respiration

• Breathing involves the inhalation of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide
• Cellular respiration is the process of converting glucose into energy (ATP) in the presence of oxygen
• Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen

Transportation

• Blood circulation involves the transportation of oxygen and nutrients to cells throughout the body
• The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in defense against disease and infection

Excretion

• Urine formation involves the removal of waste and excess substances through the kidneys
• Defecation is the removal of waste through the digestive system
• Perspiration helps to remove excess heat and water from the body through the skin

Regulation and Control

• The nervous system is responsible for the transmission and processing of information
• The endocrine system produces and regulates hormones that control various bodily functions
• Feedback mechanisms help to regulate body processes to maintain homeostasis

Movement and Locomotion

• The muscular system involves the contraction and relaxation of muscles to facilitate movement
• The skeletal system provides support and movement to the body through the contraction of muscles

Growth and Development

• Cell division is essential for growth and development of tissues
• Differentiation is the process by which cells and tissues specialize
• Reproduction involves the production of offspring through the combination of genetic material