Biology Module 10: Small Metabolism

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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes an autotroph from a heterotroph?

  • A heterotroph breaks down dead matter.
  • A heterotroph produces its own food.
  • An autotroph consumes organic substances.
  • An autotroph can produce its own food. (correct)

Which organism is classified as a decomposer?

  • A bacteria that breaks down dead organic matter. (correct)
  • A fungus that produces its own food.
  • A plant that photosynthesizes.
  • An animal that consumes other organisms.

Which statement correctly describes ATP?

  • ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate. (correct)
  • ATP is a waste product of cellular respiration.
  • ATP is produced during photosynthesis only.
  • ATP is used only in anaerobic respiration.

What is the primary role of a producer in an ecosystem?

<p>To produce its own food through photosynthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cellular respiration, what distinguishes aerobic from anaerobic processes?

<p>Aerobic processes require oxygen, whereas anaerobic ones do not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an energy source for cellular respiration?

<p>Nucleotides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of nutrients released by decomposers?

<p>They are returned to the environment for reuse. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism would typically be considered a consumer?

<p>A lion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which metabolic process is ATP primarily produced?

<p>Respiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do autotrophs obtain their energy?

<p>From sunlight or inorganic substances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy source in cells?

<p>Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process converts ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi)?

<p>Hydrolysis reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction is the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi?

<p>Endergonic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic input for photosynthesis?

<p>Carbon dioxide and water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where in plant cells does photosynthesis predominantly occur?

<p>Mesophyll (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During light reactions, what are the main products generated?

<p>Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase of photosynthesis is known for being light-independent?

<p>Calvin cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What main energy molecule is recycled back to the light reactions after the Calvin cycle?

<p>ADP and Pi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the condensation reaction in the context of ATP?

<p>Requires energy input (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of NADP+ in photosynthesis?

<p>To act as an electron carrier (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

<p>They generate ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a product of the Calvin cycle?

<p>Glucose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what part of the chloroplast do the light reactions take place?

<p>Thylakoid membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does sunlight play in photosynthesis?

<p>It drives the light reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Autotroph

An organism that produces its own food through processes like photosynthesis.

Heterotroph

An organism that consumes organic substances to obtain energy.

Producer

An organism, like a plant, that makes its own food through photosynthesis.

Consumer

An organism, like an animal, that obtains energy by consuming other organisms.

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Decomposer

An organism, like bacteria or fungi, that breaks down dead plant or animal matter, releasing nutrients back into the environment.

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ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate. The main energy currency of cells.

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Photosynthesis Equation

The process by which plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2.

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Cellular Respiration Equation

The process by which cells break down glucose to release energy: C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP).

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Aerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration that requires oxygen to produce ATP.

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Anaerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration that occurs without oxygen, producing less ATP.

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Hydrolysis of ATP

The breaking down of ATP into ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) and a phosphate group, releasing energy.

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Condensation Reaction (ATP)

The process of building ATP from ADP and a phosphate group, requiring energy input.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which plants and some other organisms convert sunlight energy into chemical energy (glucose) and oxygen.

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Photoautotrophs

Organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis, like plants and algae.

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Light Reactions

The first stage of photosynthesis, where light energy is captured and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

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Thylakoid Membrane

The location within chloroplasts where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur.

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Calvin Cycle

The second stage of photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using the energy stored in ATP and NADPH.

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Stroma

The fluid-filled region within chloroplasts where the Calvin cycle takes place.

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Energy Flow in Photosynthesis

Light energy from the sun is captured and converted into chemical energy in the form of glucose, which is then used by the plant for growth and other processes.

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Importance of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is vital to life on Earth as it provides the food and oxygen essential for the survival of most living organisms.

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Mesophyll

The tissue in a leaf where chloroplasts are concentrated, responsible for photosynthesis.

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Study Notes

Module 10: Small Metabolism (Areas of Focus)

  • Autotroph: An organism that produces its own food.
  • Heterotroph: An organism that consumes organic substances or other organisms for food.
  • Producer: Makes its own food (autotroph).
  • Consumer: Cannot make food, relies on other organisms (plants/animals) for energy (heterotroph).
  • Decomposer: Breaks down dead plant or animal matter (bacteria or fungi), releasing nutrients into the environment.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

  • Primary energy source for use and storage.
  • Composed of an adenosine backbone with three phosphate groups attached.
  • ATP + H₂O → ADP + Pi + free energy (hydrolysis reaction, exergonic)
  • ADP + Pi + free energy → ATP + H₂O (condensation reaction, endergonic)

Photosynthesis

  • Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria convert solar energy into chemical energy.
  • 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
  • Occurs in the mesophyll of leaves.
  • Two stages:
    • Light-dependent reactions (in thylakoid membrane): Requires light energy, water, produces O₂, ATP, and NADPH.
    • Calvin cycle (in stroma): Uses CO₂, ATP, and NADPH to produce carbohydrates (glucose).

Cellular Respiration

  • Process where organisms break down organic molecules to release energy.
  • Aerobic respiration (with oxygen) is more efficient than anaerobic respiration (without oxygen).
  • Energy sources for respiration vary but the chemical processes are similar.

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