Biology Module 1: Scientific Method and Hypothesis
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Questions and Answers

Which type of reasoning uses a general rule to reach a specific conclusion?

  • Intuitive reasoning
  • Inductive reasoning
  • Abductive reasoning
  • Deductive reasoning (correct)

    • Which type of reasoning is most associated with everyday problem solving?

  • Analytical reasoning
  • Inductive reasoning
  • Abductive reasoning (correct)
  • Deductive reasoning

    • In the example 'All Chinese like rice; Mr. Lee is Chinese; therefore Mr. Lee likes rice', what type of reasoning is being used?

  • Inductive reasoning
  • Analogical reasoning
  • Abductive reasoning
  • Deductive reasoning (correct)

    • Which type of reasoning is characterized by moving from specific observations to a general principle or rule?

    <p>Inductive reasoning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the conclusion of abductive reasoning?

    <p>The most plausible explanation from incomplete observations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The example 'Grass is wet, therefore it probably rained' demonstrates which type of reasoning?

    <p>Abductive reasoning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of a statistician when conducting hypothesis testing?

    <p>To use statistical tests to assess the claims (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an example of Inductive reasoning?

    <p>The cat is black; therefore all cats are black (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a hypothesis in the scientific method?

    <p>To propose a testable statement predicting relationships between variables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a prediction in the context of scientific inquiry?

    <p>A statement about cause and effect expected from a hypothesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the provided examples, what serves as the independent variable in slug and cabbage experiment?

    <p>The application of garlic powder. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the control group in the slug and cabbage experiment?

    <p>To serve as a baseline for comparison by not being exposed to the independent variable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for a hypothesis to be testable?

    <p>To allow for the design of experiments which can support or disprove it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be a suitable next step if the experimental results support the initial hypothesis about garlic deterring slugs?

    <p>Refine the hypothesis further with specific tests related to garlic properties, and try other garlic related plants of the <em>Allium</em> genus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best represents the relationship between a hypothesis and a prediction?

    <p>A hypothesis is a broad statement, and a prediction is a specific testable outcome based on the hypothesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the scientific method, what role do assumptions play?

    <p>They are premises already known that helps in hypothesis testing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Deductive reasoning

    A reasoning approach that starts with a general rule to reach a specific conclusion.

    Inductive reasoning

    A reasoning approach that uses specific observations to form a general principle.

    Abductive reasoning

    A reasoning approach that seeks the best explanation for incomplete observations.

    Hypothesis testing

    A method used to determine the validity of claims based on statistical tests following a hypothesis.

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    Major premise

    The initial general statement used in deductive reasoning to establish a conclusion.

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    Sub-premise

    A supporting statement in deductive reasoning that connects the major premise to the conclusion.

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    Conclusion (Deductive)

    The final decision derived directly from the major and sub-premises in deductive reasoning.

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    Conclusion (Inductive)

    A probable general statement formed at the end of inductive reasoning based on specific observations.

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    Scientific Method

    A systematic process for empirical problem-solving used by scientists.

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    Hypothesis

    A testable statement predicting relationships between variables.

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    Prediction

    A statement about expected outcomes based on a hypothesis.

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    Assumption

    An accepted property that supports hypothesis testing.

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    Independent Variable

    The factor manipulated in an experiment to test its effect.

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    Dependent Variable

    The outcome measured to assess the effect of the independent variable.

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    Experimental Group

    The group in an experiment that is exposed to the independent variable.

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    Control Group

    The group in an experiment that is not exposed to the independent variable.

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    Study Notes

    Biology & Engineering Approaches

    • Module 1 covers foundational concepts

    Scientific Method

    • A detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists
    • Steps in the scientific method:
      • Asking a question
      • Formulating a hypothesis
      • Designing experiments
      • Logical reasoning
      • Testing the hypothesis
      • Formulating a theory

    What is a Hypothesis?

    • A testable statement that predicts relationships between variables
    • Based on existing theories and knowledge
    • Serves as a foundation for testing and validation
    • Includes:
      • Prediction: Statement about cause and effect
      • Assumption: Known property that frameworks testing
      • Example: Red roses and honeybees
        • Hypothesis: Red roses attract honeybees
        • Prediction: More roses means more bees
        • Assumption: Bees equally attracted to all rose colors

    Example: Slug and Cabbage

    • Observation: Slugs damage cabbages, but not those near garlic plants
    • Questions: Can garlic deter slugs?
    • Hypothesis: Garlic deters slugs
    • Prediction: Cabbages near garlic will have less damage
    • Experiment design:
      • Independent variable: Garlic powder
      • Dependent variable: Number of slugs on cabbages
      • Experimental group: Exposed to garlic
      • Control group: Not exposed to garlic
    • Data Analysis and Conclusion: Data are collected and analyzed to determine if garlic deters slugs

    Reasoning to Generate & Test Hypotheses

    • Deductive reasoning: Theory → Hypothesis → Observation → Confirmation
    • Inductive reasoning: Observation → Pattern → Hypothesis → Theory (probabilistic)
    • Abductive reasoning: Observation → Inference/Assumption → Hypothesis (best guess, probabilistic)
    • Example reasoning types:
      • Deductive: All Chinese like rice, Mr. Lee is Chinese → Mr. Lee likes rice
      • Inductive: Every crow I've seen can fly → All crows can fly
      • Abductive: Grass is wet → It probably rained

    Hypothesis Testing

    • Statisticians use statistical tests to evaluate claims
    • Process involves evaluating data from a sample
    • Decides whether sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis
    • Types of hypothesis tests: right-tailed, left-tailed, and two-tailed
    • Incorrect hypotheses might be due to chance occurrences (low probability)

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    Description

    Explore the foundational concepts of biology in this quiz focused on the scientific method and hypothesis formation. Understand the steps involved in the scientific approach to problem-solving and learn about how hypotheses are created and tested. Dive into practical examples to solidify your understanding of these essential scientific principles.

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