Biology Midterm Flashcards

Biology Midterm Flashcards - Study Notes

• Biology: The study of life.
• Control Group: The group that does not receive treatment.
• Experimental Group: The group that receives treatment.
• Dependent Variable: The data collected; what's being measured.
• Independent Variable: The variable manipulated.
• Qualitative Data: Descriptive data.
• Quantitative Data: Numerical data.
• Volume Metric Unit: Liter.
• Distance Metric Unit: Meter.
• Mass Metric Unit: Gram.
• Homeostasis: Maintaining a stable internal environment.
• Characteristics of Living Things: Order, reproduction, energy processing, growth & development, homeostasis, response to stimuli, evolutionary adaptation.
• Cellular Organization Levels: Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.
• Nucleus Contents (2): Protons, Neutrons.
• Nucleus Exclusion: Electrons.
• Atomic Number: Number of protons in an atom.
• Atomic number equals 10, Protons =: 10.
• Neutral Atom Electrons (Atomic #=): Same as atomic number.
• Mass Number: Number of protons + neutrons.
• Adhesion: Attraction between different substances (e.g., meniscus).
• Cohesion: Attraction between same substances (e.g., water strider, surface tension).
• High Specific Heat (Water): Water's ability to resist temperature changes, moderating Earth's temperature.
• Water Covalent Bonds: Between oxygen and hydrogen within a water molecule.
• Water Hydrogen Bonds: Between separate water molecules (H to O).
• Importance of Hydrogen Bonds (Water): Stabilize water structure.
• Covalent Bond: Atoms sharing electron pairs.
• Ionic Bond: Electron transfer from one atom to another.
• pH: Measure of acidity/basicity.
• Base pH: Above 7.
• Acid pH: Below 7.
• Neutral pH: 7.
• Organic Molecule: Molecule containing Carbon and Hydrogen.
• Inorganic Molecule: Molecule without C or H, or both.
• Carbohydrate Monomer: Monosaccharide.
• Carbohydrate Function: Quick energy.
• Carbohydrate Location: Blood, muscles.
• Carbohydrate Examples: Glucose, sucrose, cellulose.
• Lipid Monomer: Triglyceride (glycerol + 3 fatty acids).
• Lipid Function: Long-term energy storage.
• Lipid Location: Tissue.
• Lipid Examples: Fats, oils.
• Protein Monomer: Amino acid.
• Protein Functions: Enzymes, structure, antibodies.
• Protein Location: Muscle, skin, hair.
• Protein Examples: Actin, enzymes, hemoglobin, casein, albumin, insulin, collagen.
• Nucleic Acid Monomer: Nucleotide.
• Nucleic Acid Functions: DNA (stores hereditary info), RNA (makes proteins).
• Nucleic Acid Location: Blood.
• Nucleic Acid Examples: DNA, RNA.
• Amino Acid R Group: Variable part (20 different possibilities), unique to each amino acid.
• Dehydration Synthesis: Joining monomers to form polymers by removing water.
• Hydrolysis: Breaking polymers into monomers by adding water.
• Enzyme: Protein catalyst (ends in "-ase").
• Enzyme Activation Energy: Speeds up chemical reactions.
• Enzyme Binding: To substrate.
• Enzyme Biomolecule: Protein.
• Enzyme Regeneration: Not changed by reactions, reused.
• Cell Theory (3): All living things are made of cells, cell is basic unit of structure/function, new cells from existing cells.
• Smooth ER Function: Lipid synthesis.
• Rough ER Function: Protein synthesis (rough due to ribosomes).
• Chloroplast Function: Photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll.
• Chlorophyll Function: Green pigment in chloroplasts.
• Cytoplasm Function: Holds organelles in place.
• Nucleus Function: Control center, contains DNA.
• Lysosome Function: Waste digestion.
• Ribosome Function: Protein synthesis.
• Cell Wall Function (plants): Protection and support.
• Cell Membrane Function: Controls what enters/exits the cell.
• Prokaryotic Cell: No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
• Eukaryotic Cell: Has nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• Active Transport: Movement across membrane requiring energy (low to high concentration).
• Osmosis: Water movement across membrane (high to low concentration).
• Hypertonic Solution: Higher salt; water exits cell.
• Hypotonic Solution: Lower salt; water enters cell.
• Isotonic Solution: Equal water concentration on both sides.
• Diffusion: Spreading out of molecules (high to low concentration).
• Facilitated Diffusion: Movement with transport proteins (high to low concentration).
• Photosynthesis: Converting light energy to chemical energy.
• Photosynthesis Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
• Photosynthesis Reactants: Carbon dioxide, water, sunlight.
• Photosynthesis Products: Glucose, oxygen.
• Stomata Function: Tiny openings for gas exchange (oxygen, carbon dioxide).
• ADP to ATP: Adding a phosphate.
• ATP to ADP: Losing a phosphate.
• ATP Function: Cellular energy.
• Autotroph: Organism that makes its own food.
• Cellular Respiration: Converting biochemical energy to ATP.
• Cellular Respiration Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP).
• Cellular Respiration Reactants: Glucose, oxygen.
• Cellular Respiration Products: Carbon dioxide, water, ATP.
• Cellular Respiration Stages: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain.
• Anaerobic: Does not require oxygen.
• Lactic Acid Fermentation: Lactic acid production (muscle cells).
• Alcoholic Fermentation: Ethanol and carbon dioxide production (bacteria, yeast).
• Glycolysis: Sugar splitting; first step, 2 ATP net gain, cytoplasm.
• Krebs Cycle: Breaks down pyruvic acid, releases CO2; second step.
• Electron Transport Chain: Converts ADP to ATP; most ATP production.
• Aerobic Respiration Location: Mitochondria.

Prepare for your Biology midterm with these comprehensive flashcards covering key concepts such as control groups, variables, and data types. Study essential topics including homeostasis, cellular organization, and atomic structure to enhance your understanding of life sciences.