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Questions and Answers
Which part of the microscope is primarily used for initial focus?
Which part of the microscope is primarily used for initial focus?
What is the shape of bacteria classified as 'Coccus'?
What is the shape of bacteria classified as 'Coccus'?
What distinguishes Archaebacteria from Eubacteria?
What distinguishes Archaebacteria from Eubacteria?
Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by bacteria?
Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by bacteria?
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Which method of bacterial reproduction involves exchange of genetic material?
Which method of bacterial reproduction involves exchange of genetic material?
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What term describes bacteria that can survive in extremely salty conditions?
What term describes bacteria that can survive in extremely salty conditions?
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What is a common cause of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
What is a common cause of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotes?
Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotes?
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Which type of fungi are shelf fungi categorized under?
Which type of fungi are shelf fungi categorized under?
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What is true about the cellular structure of fungi?
What is true about the cellular structure of fungi?
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What type of symbiotic relationship involves bacteria in the intestines of animals?
What type of symbiotic relationship involves bacteria in the intestines of animals?
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What causes the Irish Potato Famine?
What causes the Irish Potato Famine?
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What is the primary role of hyphae in fungi?
What is the primary role of hyphae in fungi?
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What role does transformation play in bacteria?
What role does transformation play in bacteria?
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Which of the following diseases is caused by a protist?
Which of the following diseases is caused by a protist?
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What is the primary component that differentiates Gram positive bacteria from other types?
What is the primary component that differentiates Gram positive bacteria from other types?
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What type of movement do sarcodinians exhibit?
What type of movement do sarcodinians exhibit?
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What is a distinguishing feature of euglena?
What is a distinguishing feature of euglena?
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Which type of algae is classified as brown algae?
Which type of algae is classified as brown algae?
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What is the cause of a red tide?
What is the cause of a red tide?
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Why aren't fungus-like protists classified as true fungi?
Why aren't fungus-like protists classified as true fungi?
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Which type of protist is classified by spore formation and does not move?
Which type of protist is classified by spore formation and does not move?
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What characteristic distinguishes Gram positive bacteria from Gram negative bacteria?
What characteristic distinguishes Gram positive bacteria from Gram negative bacteria?
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Which type of structure is found in red algae that allows them to survive in deeper water?
Which type of structure is found in red algae that allows them to survive in deeper water?
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What do the colonial green algae Spirogyra primarily consist of?
What do the colonial green algae Spirogyra primarily consist of?
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What are the three categories of protists?
What are the three categories of protists?
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What is the primary difference between bacterial and viral infections in terms of treatment?
What is the primary difference between bacterial and viral infections in terms of treatment?
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Which type of bacteria is known for living in extreme conditions, such as high temperatures and acidity?
Which type of bacteria is known for living in extreme conditions, such as high temperatures and acidity?
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Which of the following is a correct definition of transduction in bacteria?
Which of the following is a correct definition of transduction in bacteria?
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What characteristic distinguishes coccus-shaped bacteria from other forms?
What characteristic distinguishes coccus-shaped bacteria from other forms?
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Which of the following methods contributes to the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
Which of the following methods contributes to the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
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Study Notes
Microscopes
- Coarse Adjustment: used for initial focus.
- Fine Adjustment: used for precise focus on high power.
- Objectives: lenses that magnify the specimen.
- Eyepiece: the lens you look through.
- Stage: platform where the microscope slide is placed.
Prokaryotes
- Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Bacteria
- Previously classified in the Kingdom Monera.
- Now classified into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
- Classified by shape, motility, metabolism, respiration, cell wall composition and colony appearance.
- Capable of chemosynthesis, converting inorganic compounds into energy.
- Diseases caused by bacteria include tetanus, tuberculosis, botulism, strep throat, staph infections, meningitis, typhoid fever, diphtheria, anthrax, MRSA, pneumonia, and bubonic plague.
- Antibiotics kill bacteria, while vaccines prevent viral infections.
Bacterial Shapes
- Coccus: circular/round shaped.
- Bacillus: rod shaped.
- Spirillum: spiral shaped.
Antibiotic Resistance
- Occurs when bacteria become immune to antibiotics.
- Overuse and misuse of antibiotics contribute to resistance.
Bacterial Reproduction
- Asexual - Binary Fission: one cell divides into two identical cells.
- Sexual - Conjugation: exchange of genetic material between two cells.
- Transduction: viruses transport bacterial DNA between cells.
- Transformations: living bacteria acquire DNA from dead bacteria.
Gram Staining
- Used to determine bacterial cell wall composition.
Gram Positive Bacteria
- Have an extra layer of lipids in their cell membranes.
Protists
- Classified into animal-like, plant-like, and fungi-like categories.
Animal-like Protists (Protozoans)
- Heterotrophic and classified by their movement.
- Sarcodinians: move using pseudopods (false feet), example: amoeba.
- Zooflagellates: use flagella for movement, example: Triconympha.
- Ciliaphorans: covered in cilia, example: paramecium.
- Sporozoans: non-motile, spore-forming parasites, example: Plasmodium.
Plant-like Protists (Algae)
- Red Algae: contain pigments allowing deep-water survival.
- Brown Algae: includes kelp.
- Green Algae: example: Spirogyra (colonial).
- Euglena: possess two flagellas, no cell wall, and are both autotrophic and heterotrophic.
- Unicellular Algae: Volvox, Chlamydomonas, and Ulua.
Red Tide
- Blooms of dinoflagellates producing toxins that discolour water red.
Phytoplankton
- Photosynthetic plankton.
Fungi-like Protists
- Plasmodial Slime Molds: feeding stage known as Plasmodium.
- Slime Molds
- Water Molds: caused the Irish Potato Famine.
True Fungi
- Belong to the Kingdom Fungi.
- Contain chitin in their cell walls.
- Yeast: unicellular fungi.
- Shelf Fungus: an example of club fungi.
- Sac Fungi: include puffballs.
- Hyphae: thin filaments that make up fungi.
- Mushrooms: belong to the Club fungi category.
Symbiosis
- A relationship where both partners benefit.
- Bacteria and Animals: bacteria in intestines help digest food.
- Bacteria and Plants: nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
- Protists and Insects: bacteria in protists help termites digest wood.
- Algae and Fungi: form lichens.
Microscopes
- Coarse Adjustment: Used for initial focusing, larger knob.
- Fine Adjustment: Used for precise focusing, smaller knob.
- Objectives: Lenses used to magnify the specimen.
- Eyepiece: The part you look through for viewing.
- Stage: Platform where the microscope slide is placed.
Prokaryotes
- Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Classified into two kingdoms: Eubacteria (true bacteria) and Archaebacteria.
Bacteria
- Previously classified in the Kingdom Monera, but now in Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
- Some bacteria live in harsh environments.
Thermoacidophilic Bacteria
- Thrive in high temperatures and acidic conditions.
Extreme Halophiles
- Exist in environments with salinity levels 10 times higher than seawater.
Chemosynthesizers
- Utilize inorganic compounds like H2S and NH3 as energy sources.
Classifying Bacteria
- Shape: Coccus (round), Bacillus (rod), Spirillum (spiral).
- Motility: Flagella for movement.
- Metabolism: Breakdown of food for energy.
- Respiration: Oxygen use for energy.
- Cell wall composition: Gram-positive (extra lipid layer) or Gram-negative.
- Appearance of a Colony: Characteristics of bacterial growth on a medium.
Bacterial Diseases
- Tetnus: A serious bacterial infection that causes muscle spasms.
- Tuberculosis (TB): A chronic infectious disease primarily affecting the lungs.
- Botulism: A rare but serious illness caused by toxin-producing bacteria.
- Strep Throat: An infection that causes sore throat and fever.
- Staph Infections: A common bacterial infection that can cause skin infections.
- Meningitis: An inflammation of the membranes around the brain and spinal cord.
- Typhoid Fever: An acute illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi.
- Diptheria: A serious infection that causes a thick coating in the back of the throat.
- Anthrax: A serious bacterial infection that can be contracted from animals.
- MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus): A type of staph bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics.
- Pneumonia: A lung infection that causes inflammation in the air sacs.
- Bubonic Plague: A bacterial infection that spreads through the bite of an infected flea.
Bacterial vs. Viral Infections
- Antibiotics: Effective at killing bacteria.
- Vaccines: Prevent viral infections by stimulating the immune system.
Bacterial Structures
- Coccus: Circular shaped bacteria.
- Bacillus: Rod shaped bacteria.
- Spirillum: Spiral shaped bacteria.
- Antibiotic Resistant: Bacteria immune to specific antibiotics.
Causes of Antibiotic Resistance
- Misuse of antibiotics: Overuse and improper dosage can lead to resistance.
Bacterial Reproduction
- Asexual - Binary Fission: One cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
- Sexual - Conjugation: Exchange of genetic material between two bacteria cells.
- Transduction: Viral transfer of bacterial DNA.
- Transformation: Living bacteria acquire DNA from dead bacteria.
Bacterial Cell Wall Composition
- Gram Staining: Technique used to differentiate bacteria based on cell wall composition.
- Gram Positive Bacteria: Possess an additional layer of lipids in their cell membrane.
Disease Types
- BTB (Bacillus thuringiensis): Bacteria
- Malaria: Protist
- African Sleeping Sickness: Protist
- Anthrax: Bacteria
- Strep Throat: Bacteria
- Thrush: Fungus
- Amoebic Dysentery: Protist
- Athlete's Foot: Fungus
- Giardia: Protist
- MRSA: Bacteria
- Botulism: Bacteria
Foodborne Bacteria
- Listeria: Found in undercooked contaminated beef.
- Campylobacter: Found in 100% of poultry.
- E. coli: Found in soft cheeses and hot dogs.
- Salmonella: Found on skin.
- Staph. aureus: Found in chicken and vegetables.
Protist Categories
- Animal-like: Heterotrophs, also known as protozoans.
- Plant-like: Autotrophs.
- Fungi-like: Similar to fungi but lack chitin in cell walls.
Protozoans
-
Classified by their movement:
- Sarcodinians: Use pseudopodia (false feet) for movement (e.g., Amoeba).
- Zooflagellates: Use flagella for movement (e.g., Triconympha).
- Ciliaphorans: Covered in cilia (hair-like projections) (e.g., Paramecium).
- Sporozoans: Non-motile, spore-forming parasites (e.g., Plasmodium).
Plant-like Protists
- Red algae: Contain pigments that allow them to harvest light in deep water.
- Brown algae: Include kelp.
- Green algae: Some are colonial, forming colonies like Spirogyra.
Euglena
- Possess two flagella, no cell wall, and are capable of both autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.
Unicellular Algae
- Volvox: A colonial green algae.
- Chlamydomonas: A unicellular green algae.
- Ulua: A unicellular green algae.
Red Tide
- A phenomenon caused by a bloom of dinoflagellates producing toxins, turning the water red.
Phytoplankton
- Plankton that perform photosynthesis.
Fungus-like Protists
- Plasmodial slime molds: Have a feeding stage called the plasmodium.
- Slime molds: Distinct "slug" stage.
- Water molds: Responsible for the Irish Potato Famine.
True Fungi
- Belong to the Kingdom Fungi.
- Contain chitin in their cell walls.
- Examples: Yeast (unicellular), shelf fungus (club fungi).
Fungi Reproduction
- Hyphae: Thin filaments that make up fungi.
- Mushrooms: A type of club fungi.
- Puffballs: Classified as sac fungi.
Symbiosis
- A relationship where both partners benefit.
Symbiotic Relationships
- Bacteria and Animals: Bacteria in the intestines help break down food.
- Bacteria and Plants: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
- Protists and Insects: Mutualism between termites and protists that help them digest wood.
- Algae and Fungus: Form lichens.
Identifying Protists
- Amoeba: A sarcodine characterized by pseudopodia.
- Diatoms: Have a geometric shape.
- Paramecium: A ciliaphoran with cilia.
- Euglena: Green in color due to chloroplasts, possesses flagella.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts related to microscopes and the classification of bacteria. You'll explore the parts of a microscope, the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotic cells, and various bacterial shapes and diseases. Test your knowledge of microbiology and its key terms!
