Questions and Answers
Anchoring proteins attach the cell membrane to inside or outside ______.
structures
Recognition proteins label cells as normal or abnormal to the ______ system.
immune
Enzymes ______ reactions inside or outside the membrane.
catalyze
Receptor proteins bind to extracellular ______ such as ions and hormones.
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Cytoplasm includes all materials inside the cell membrane but outside the ______.
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Microvilli are finger-shaped projections that increase surface area for ______.
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Ribosomes carry out orders from the nucleus for ______ synthesis.
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Cilia are long extensions of the cell membrane that move ______ across the cell surface.
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There are two types of ribosomes in cells: free ribosomes and ______ ribosomes.
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has no ______.
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The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages ______ for exocytosis.
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Lysosomes are powerful enzyme-containing vesicles that are involved in ______ the cell's internal environment.
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Mitochondria produce energy in the form of ______.
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The nucleus is the cell's control center and contains all of our ______.
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Chromatin is loosely coiled DNA that is present when cells are not ______.
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Peroxisomes break down fatty acids and other organic compounds, producing the dangerous free radical ______.
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Each mRNA codon translates to one ______ in a polypeptide chain.
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Transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers free ______ to the mRNA.
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The anticodon binds to a specific mRNA ______.
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Enzymes join the amino acids together in a ______ chain.
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A mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of a ______.
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Selectively permeable membranes allow some materials to move freely and restrict ______ others.
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Transport through a cell membrane can be active or ______.
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The electrical charge inside the cell membrane is slightly ______.
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Cells in a malignant tumor spread into surrounding tissues and start new tumors through a process called ______.
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An illness that disrupts normal cellular controls and produces malignant cells is called ______.
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Mutated genes that disrupt normal cellular controls are known as ______.
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In order for tissues to form, cells must ______ or specialize into different types.
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All your body cells (except sex cells) contain the same ______ chromosomes.
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A human being grows from 1 cell to 75 trillion cells by cell ______.
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Most of a cell’s life is spent in a non-dividing state called ______.
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In DNA replication, DNA strands unwind and DNA ______ begins attaching complementary nucleotides.
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Mitosis occurs in 4 stages: ______, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
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During metaphase, chromosomes align in a plane between the ______.
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In anaphase, chromosomes pull apart into 2 daughter ______.
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Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm into 2 ______ cells.
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A benign tumor is contained and not ______ threatening.
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Study Notes
Membrane Proteins
- Anchoring Proteins: Secure the cell membrane to internal or external structures.
- Recognition Proteins: Distinguish normal from abnormal cells for immune system response.
- Enzymes: Facilitate biochemical reactions inside or outside the membrane.
- Receptor Proteins: Bind to extracellular molecules like ions and hormones.
- Carrier Proteins: Transport solutes across the cell membrane using energy.
- Channels: Pores that control the movement of water and specific solutes.
Membrane Carbohydrates
- Extend beyond the cell membrane for various functions including:
- Lubrication and Protection: Create a protective layer around cells.
- Anchoring and Locomotion: Assist in stabilizing cells and enabling movement.
- Specificity in Binding: Engage with receptors for targeted interactions.
- Recognition: Play a role in the immune response to identify cells.
The Cytoplasm
- Composed of all materials inside the cell membrane but outside the nucleus, containing:
- Cytosol: The thick liquid with nutrients, ions, and proteins.
- Organelles: Structures that perform specific functions within the cell.
Non-Membranous Organelles
- Cytoskeleton: Provides shape and strength to the cell.
- Microvilli: Increases surface area for absorption; connected to the cytoskeleton.
- Centrioles: Form spindle apparatus necessary for cell division.
- Cilia: Long extensions that help move fluids across the cell surface.
- Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins; can be free in cytoplasm or fixed to endoplasmic reticulum.
Membranous Organelles
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids, lacks ribosomes.
- Rough ER: Involved in protein and glycoprotein synthesis, studded with ribosomes.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins for exocytosis using stacked cisternae.
- Lysosomes: Contain enzymes to break down waste and toxins within cells.
- Peroxisomes: Enzyme-containing vesicles that decompose fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide.
- Mitochondria: Produce ATP through aerobic metabolism, essential for cellular energy needs.
The Nucleus
- Largest organelle, control center of the cell, surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores for communication.
- Contains DNA in two forms:
- Chromatin: Loosely coiled DNA active during non-dividing state.
- Chromosomes: Tightly coiled DNA formed during cell division.
Genetic Information Storage
- mRNA codons translate to specific amino acids in protein synthesis.
- tRNA delivers amino acids to mRNA based on anticodon matching.
- Polyribosomes can simultaneously read a single mRNA for multiple protein copies.
Transport Mechanisms
- Cell membranes are selectively permeable, allowing certain substances to pass.
-
Transport Methods:
- Passive Transport: No energy required, includes diffusion.
- Carrier-Mediated Transport: Can be passive or active.
- Vesicular Transport: Active transport method.
Transmembrane Potential
- Electrical charge difference across the membrane: negative inside and positive outside, crucial for muscle and nerve function.
Cell Life Cycle
- Human development involves cell division from one cell to about 75 trillion.
- Interphase: Major portion spent in a non-dividing state, where DNA replication occurs.
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Mitosis Stages:
- Prophase: Chromatids coil into visible chromosomes.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate.
- Anaphase: Daughter chromosomes pull apart.
- Telophase: Nuclear membranes reform, and chromosomes uncoil.
Cytokinesis
- Division of the cytoplasm into two new daughter cells following mitosis.
Cancer and Cell Division
- A tumor is an abnormal mass from uncontrolled cell division.
- Benign Tumor: Non-threatening, localized growth.
- Malignant Tumor: Invades surrounding tissues and can metastasize.
- Mutations: Changes in DNA sequence can lead to cancer through disruption of normal controls.
Cell Diversity and Differentiation
- All cells possess the same DNA but differentiate based on gene activation or inactivation.
- Specialized cells contribute to tissue formation (e.g., liver cells, neurons).
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Description
This quiz explores various types of membrane proteins, including anchoring, recognition, enzymes, receptor, carrier proteins, and channels. Additionally, it covers the role of membrane carbohydrates and their functions within cellular structures. Test your knowledge on how these components interact and contribute to cell membrane dynamics.
