NCERT - LOCOMOTION & MOVEMENT - 24-25
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Questions and Answers

Which type of muscle is under the voluntary control of the nervous system?

  • Skeletal muscles (correct)
  • Visceral muscles
  • Cardiac muscles
  • None of the above

    • Cardiac muscles exhibit a smooth appearance.

    False

    What is the origin of muscle tissue?

    Mesodermal

    Muscles contribute about ________ percent of the body weight of a human adult.

    <p>40-50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles assist in transporting food through the digestive tract?

    <p>Visceral muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of muscle with their characteristics:

    <p>Skeletal muscles = Striated and voluntary Visceral muscles = Nonstriated and involuntary Cardiac muscles = Striated and involuntary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is primarily involved in locomotory actions?

    <p>Skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the voluntary movements that result in a change of place or location?

    <p>Locomotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smooth muscles are found in the skeletal components of the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All movements are considered locomotion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of movement exhibited by plant cells.

    <p>Turgor movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ciliary movement is primarily found in the ______ organs of the human body.

    <p>internal tubular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of movement is characterized by the formation of pseudopodia?

    <p>Amoeboid movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of movements with their descriptions:

    <p>Amoeboid = Movement by pseudopodia Ciliary = Coordinated motion of cilia Muscular = Movement through contraction of muscles Locomotion = Change of place or location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydra uses its tentacles solely for capturing prey.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of locomotion in animals?

    <p>To search for food, shelter, mates, or to escape from predators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is not part of the hand?

    <p>Humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The patella is known as the thigh bone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many carpals are there in the wrist?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The triangular flat bone located in the dorsal part of the thorax is called the ______.

    <p>scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bones with their categories:

    <p>Humerus = Upper limb Femur = Lower limb Clavicle = Pectoral girdle Tibia = Lower limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pectoral and pelvic girdles?

    <p>Articulate limbs with the axial skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each pectoral girdle consists of one clavicle and one scapula.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of digits in the hands?

    <p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During muscle contraction, both the A bands and I bands shorten.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when myosin binds to the exposed active sites on actin?

    <p>cross bridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The shortening of the sarcomere during contraction is caused by the pulling of actin filaments towards the center of the ________ band.

    <p>A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is NOT part of the ear ossicles?

    <p>Atlas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following muscle components with their functions:

    <p>Calcium ions = Bind with troponin to expose active sites on actin Troponin = Regulates muscle contraction mechanism Myosin = Forms cross bridges with actin Myoglobin = Stores oxygen within muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cervical vertebrae consist of 12 individual bones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to Ca++ ions after muscle contraction?

    <p>They are pumped back to the sarcoplasmic cisternae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vertebral column?

    <p>To protect the spinal cord and support the head.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first seven pairs of ribs are called __________ ribs.

    <p>true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Red fibers in muscles have a low content of myoglobin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of ribs with their characteristics:

    <p>True ribs = Connected directly to the sternum False ribs = Do not articulate directly with the sternum Floating ribs = Not connected ventrally Bicephalic ribs = Have two articulation surfaces on their dorsal end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accumulation leads to fatigue in muscles after repeated activation?

    <p>lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lumbar vertebrae are there in the human vertebral column?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sternum is a round bone located in the middle of the thorax.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of ribs in the human rib cage?

    <p>24</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of cross bridges during muscle contraction?

    <p>To pull actin filaments over myosin filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The skeletal system is mainly composed of bones and muscles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one significant characteristic that distinguishes red muscle fibers from white muscle fibers.

    <p>The amount of myoglobin pigment present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of muscle fibers with their primary characteristics:

    <p>Red muscle = High endurance White muscle = Rapid contraction Smooth muscle = Involuntary control Cardiac muscle = Striated and involuntary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the skeletal system is formed by the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum?

    <p>Axial skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are 12 pairs of ribs in a human skeleton.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement is characterized by the streaming of protoplasm?

    <p>Amoeboid movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to initiate muscle contraction?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All movements in living organisms are classified as locomotion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two types of movements exhibited by cells in the human body.

    <p>Amoeboid movement and ciliary movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The A bands shorten during muscle contraction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ciliary movement is important for removing _________ from the trachea.

    <p>dust particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the Z lines during muscle contraction?

    <p>They are pulled inwards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The accumulation of _________ leads to muscle fatigue.

    <p>lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organisms with their mode of locomotion.

    <p>Amoeba = Amoeboid movement Paramecium = Ciliary movement Hydra = Tentacle movement Frog = Jumping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common reason for locomotion in animals?

    <p>Resting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of muscle contraction with their roles:

    <p>Calcium ions = Bind to troponin Myosin heads = Form cross-bridges with actin ATP = Breaks the cross-bridge Troponin = Masks active sites on actin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydra only uses its tentacles for locomotion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which band gets reduced in size during muscle contraction?

    <p>I band</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscles with high myoglobin content are known as white fibers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main types of movements exhibited by human body cells?

    <p>Amoeboid, ciliary, and muscular movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of myoglobin in muscles?

    <p>Oxygen storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure bisects the I-band in a myofibril?

    <p>Z line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The I band contains myosin filaments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major proteins found in myofibrils responsible for muscle contraction?

    <p>Actin and Myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The functional unit of contraction in a muscle fiber is called a __________.

    <p>sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the muscle fiber bands with their characteristics:

    <p>I band = Contains actin filaments A band = Contains myosin filaments Z line = Bisects the I band M line = Anchors myosin filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the muscle cell contains a large number of nuclei?

    <p>Muscle fibre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'myofilaments' refers to the individual muscle fibers in the muscle bundle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connective tissue layer holds together muscle bundles?

    <p>Fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bones make up the vertebral column in humans?

    <p>26</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All mammals have seven cervical vertebrae.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three tiny bones in the middle ear called?

    <p>Ear Ossicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first seven pairs of ribs are known as __________ ribs.

    <p>true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vertebral regions with their number of vertebrae:

    <p>Cervical = 7 Thoracic = 12 Lumbar = 5 Sacral = 1 (fused)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the ribs ventrally to the sternum?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The last two pairs of ribs are classified as vertebrochondral ribs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serves as the main framework of the trunk?

    <p>Vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characterized by a fluid-filled synovial cavity allowing considerable movement?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrous joints allow for free movement between the bones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cavity where the thigh bone articulates with the pelvic girdle?

    <p>acetabulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pelvic girdle is formed by the fusion of three bones: ilium, ischium, and ______.

    <p>pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of joint with its characteristics:

    <p>Fibrous = No movement allowed Cartilaginous = Limited movement Synovial = Considerable movement Ball and socket = Allows rotational movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these joints is an example of a pivot joint?

    <p>Joint between atlas and axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cartilaginous joints are found between adjacent vertebrae in the spinal column.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bone commonly referred to as the collarbone?

    <p>clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy source for white muscle fibers?

    <p>Anaerobic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The skeletal system in humans consists of 208 bones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two principal divisions of the human skeletal system?

    <p>Axial and appendicular skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bones that protect the brain are called ________ bones.

    <p>cranial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of bones with their functions:

    <p>Cranial bones = Protect the brain Facial bones = Form the front part of the skull Hyoid bone = Support the tongue Vertebral column = Protect the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cranial bones are found in the human skull?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The appendicular skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the process that both red fibers and white fibers in muscles utilize for ATP production.

    <p>Aerobic respiration and anaerobic processes;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of visceral muscles?

    <p>They're smooth and involuntary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skeletal muscles are also referred to as nonstriated muscles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of body weight is contributed by muscles in a human adult?

    <p>40-50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The contractile property of muscles is essential for __________ in human beings.

    <p>locomotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of muscles with their characteristics:

    <p>Skeletal = Voluntary and striated Visceral = Involuntary and nonstriated Cardiac = Involuntary and striated Smooth = Non-striated and found in organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is found exclusively in the heart?

    <p>Cardiac muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one function of smooth muscles in the human body.

    <p>Transportation of food through the digestive tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ciliary movement does not play a role in the passage of ova through the reproductive tract.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure bisects the I-band in a sarcomere?

    <p>Z-line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All muscle fibers are multinucleated and lined by a plasma membrane called the sarcolemma.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two primary proteins that give myofibrils their striated appearance?

    <p>Actin and Myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The functional unit of muscle contraction is called a ______.

    <p>sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their functions:

    <p>Z-line = Binds thin filaments M-line = Binds thick filaments I-band = Contains actin A-band = Contains myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Calcium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Actin filaments are thicker than myosin filaments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe multiple muscle fibers grouped together?

    <p>Fascicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

    <p>Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    White muscle fibers have a high amount of mitochondria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bones are in the adult human skeleton?

    <p>206</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The skeletal system is divided into two parts: the axial skeleton and the ______ skeleton.

    <p>appendicular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the skeleton with their classifications:

    <p>Skull = Axial skeleton Humerus = Appendicular skeleton Vertebral column = Axial skeleton Femur = Appendicular skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle depends mainly on anaerobic processes for energy?

    <p>White muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adult human skull consists of 22 bones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle fibers are known for their endurance due to a high concentration of mitochondria?

    <p>Red muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of joints in the human body?

    <p>Facilitate movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of muscular dystrophy?

    <p>Genetic disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrous joints allow significant movement between the bones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoporosis is primarily caused by excess levels of estrogen in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major structural forms of joints?

    <p>Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes tetany in muscles?

    <p>Low calcium levels in body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two halves of the pelvic girdle meet ventrally to form the __________.

    <p>pubic symphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myasthenia gravis is an _________ disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction.

    <p>autoimmune</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following disorders with their description:

    <p>Myasthenia gravis = Autoimmune disorder affecting skeletal muscle Gout = Inflammation due to uric acid crystals Osteoporosis = Age-related bone mass loss Tetany = Rapid muscle spasms due to low calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is characterized by a fluid-filled cavity between articulating bones?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary types of muscle tissue found in the human body?

    <p>Skeletal, visceral, and cardiac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of joints with their examples:

    <p>Ball and Socket = Shoulder joint Hinge = Knee joint Pivot = Joint between atlas and axis Gliding = Joint between carpals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cartilaginous joints allow for extensive movement between bones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac muscles are voluntary and striated.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each coxal bone is formed by the fusion of three bones: ilium, ischium, and __________.

    <p>pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to trigger muscle contraction?

    <p>Calcium ions (Ca++)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones are collectively known as ear ossicles?

    <p>Malleus, Incus, Stapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first cervical vertebra is known as the atlas.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the regions of the vertebral column?

    <p>Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ vertebrae consist of 12 individual bones.

    <p>Thoracic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cervical vertebrae are found in most mammals including humans?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vertebral column protects the heart.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the rib cage?

    <p>To protect the heart and lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Locomotion in animals primarily occurs for the purpose of seeking food, shelter, or escaping predators.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one structure that assists with locomotion in Hydra.

    <p>Tentacles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The movement of __________ in the trachea helps in clearing dust particles and foreign substances.

    <p>cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between movements and locomotion?

    <p>All locomotions are movements, but not all movements are locomotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human beings exhibit a single type of movement through their limbs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During muscle contraction, both the I bands and A bands lengthen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the return of Z lines to their original position after muscle contraction?

    <p>Pumping of Ca++ ions back to the sarcoplasmic cisternae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process causing shortening of the sarcomere during contraction is known as the __________ theory.

    <p>sliding-filament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following muscle fiber characteristics with their types:

    <p>Red fibers = Slow contraction White fibers = Fast contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATP during muscle contraction?

    <p>To hydrolyze and break the cross bridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to fatigue in muscles after repeated activation?

    <p>Accumulation of lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myoglobin is a red colored oxygen-storing pigment found in muscles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the pale or whitish muscle fibers called?

    <p>White fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axial skeleton comprises 80 bones and includes the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bones are in the human adult skeletal system?

    <p>206</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is a U-shaped bone present at the base of the buccal cavity.

    <p>hyoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary function do skeletal muscles serve?

    <p>Facilitate movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following skeletal bones with their respective classifications:

    <p>Sternum = Axial skeleton Scapula = Appendicular skeleton Skull = Axial skeleton Femur = Appendicular skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cartilage has a hard matrix due to calcium salts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one function of the skeletal system.

    <p>Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is known as the longest bone in the human body?

    <p>Femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scapula is located in the ventral part of the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cup shaped bone that covers the knee is called the ________.

    <p>patella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bones with their respective categories:

    <p>Humerus = Bone of the arm Radius = Bone of the forearm Femur = Bone of the thigh Tibia = Bone of the lower leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bone articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint?

    <p>Scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human leg consists of the femur, fibula, and metatarsals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two halves that form each pectoral girdle.

    <p>Clavicle and scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pelvic girdle?

    <p>Support the weight of the upper body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrous joints allow for a range of movements.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cavity called where the coxal bones fuse?

    <p>acetabulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The joint type that permits limited movements is called _____ joints.

    <p>cartilaginous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following joints with their types:

    <p>Synovial joint = Allows considerable movement Fibrous joint = No movement allowed Cartilaginous joint = Limited movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is characterized by a fluid-filled synovial cavity?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The clavicle is also known as the collarbone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a synovial joint.

    <p>knee joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by rapid spasms in muscle due to low calcium levels?

    <p>Tetany</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoporosis is primarily a disorder resulting from an increase in bone mass.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of muscle fatigue during extended activity?

    <p>Accumulation of lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following muscular disorders with their descriptions:

    <p>Myasthenia gravis = Autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction Gout = Inflammation of joints due to uric acid Osteoporosis = Decreased bone mass with increased fracture risk Muscular dystrophy = Progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of calcium ions during muscle contraction?

    <p>To activate actin and form cross bridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Visceral muscles are voluntary and are responsible for skeletal movements.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one characteristic that distinguishes cardiac muscle from skeletal muscle.

    <p>Cardiac muscle is branched and involuntary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement is exhibited by unicellular organisms like Amoeba?

    <p>Amoeboid movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in Paramecium aids in both food movement and locomotion?

    <p>Cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specialized cells in the human body exhibit amoeboid movement?

    <p>Macrophages and leucocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human beings can use limbs for both body posture changes and locomotion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscles are characterized by a striated appearance and are under voluntary control?

    <p>Skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac muscles are voluntary muscles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of smooth muscles in the human body?

    <p>Transportation of food through the digestive tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    About ________ percent of the body weight of a human adult is contributed by muscles.

    <p>40-50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT a property of muscle tissue?

    <p>Incompressibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ciliary movement is responsible for muscle contraction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'H' zone in a muscle fiber indicate?

    <p>The central part of the thick filaments not overlapped by thin filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscle type primarily assists in maintaining water currents in the canal of sponges?

    <p>Flagella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Actin filaments are primarily composed of meromyosins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tropomyosin in muscle contraction?

    <p>It masks the active binding sites for myosin on the actin filaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscle contraction is initiated by a signal from the __________ via a motor neuron.

    <p>central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of muscle contraction with their roles:

    <p>Actin = Thin filament Myosin = Thick filament Troponin = Regulates binding sites on actin Tropomyosin = Masking binding sites for myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the sliding filament theory?

    <p>Thin filaments and thick filaments slide over each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each myosin filament is composed of a single type of protein.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the globular head found in myosin filaments?

    <p>It acts as an active ATPase enzyme and has binding sites for ATP and actin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The I bands reduce in size during muscle contraction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The return of muscles to their original position after contraction is called ______.

    <p>relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following muscle components with their roles:

    <p>Myosin = Forms cross-bridges with actin Troponin = Binds calcium ions Actin = Thin filaments Sarcoplasmic reticulum = Stores calcium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to ADP and Pi during muscle contraction?

    <p>They are released when the cross-bridge is formed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Red fibers contain low levels of myoglobin, giving them a pale color.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to muscle fatigue after repeated activation?

    <p>Accumulation of lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three tiny bones found in the middle ear collectively called?

    <p>Malleus, Incus and Stapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vertebral column consists of 30 vertebrae in total.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of true ribs are there in the human body?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first vertebra is called the __________.

    <p>atlas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following regions of the vertebral column with the number of vertebrae they contain:

    <p>Cervical = 7 Thoracic = 12 Lumbar = 5 Sacral = 1 (fused)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ribs are classified as floating ribs?

    <p>11th and 12th ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sternum is a flat bone located at the dorsal midline of the thorax.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage connects the true ribs to the sternum?

    <p>hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes muscle contraction?

    <p>Pulling of actin filaments by cross bridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human skeleton has 206 bones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of muscle fibers based on myoglobin content?

    <p>Red and White muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axial skeleton consists of the __________, __________, and __________.

    <p>skull, vertebral column, ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of joints with their characteristics:

    <p>Fibrous = Immovable joints Cartilaginous = Slightly movable joints Synovial = Freely movable joints Hinge = Example includes the elbow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is characterized as involuntary?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sternum is located on the dorsal side of the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, the total number of phalanges in each limb is __________.

    <p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides the primary structural support to each muscle bundle?

    <p>Fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit of contraction in a muscle fibre called?

    <p>sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dark band in a myofibril that contains myosin is called the ______ band.

    <p>A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a muscle fibre contains multiple nuclei?

    <p>Muscle fibre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The I band contains thick myosin filaments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the membrane surrounding a muscle fibre?

    <p>sarcolemma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following properties are characteristic of muscle tissues?

    <p>Excitability and elasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skeletal muscles display a smooth appearance under the microscope.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes visceral muscles from skeletal muscles?

    <p>Visceral muscles are smooth and involuntary, while skeletal muscles are striated and voluntary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac muscles are located in the __________.

    <p>heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of muscle with its key characteristic:

    <p>Skeletal = Voluntary control and striated appearance Visceral = Involuntary control and nonstriated Cardiac = Involuntary control and striated appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do muscles primarily play in multicellular organisms?

    <p>Locomotion and movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cilia and flagella are types of muscle tissue.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is primarily responsible for transporting food through the digestive tract?

    <p>Visceral muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process causes the active sites on actin filaments to be exposed during muscle contraction?

    <p>Binding of calcium to troponin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The I bands shorten while the A bands retain their length during muscle contraction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction during muscle activation?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ pigment in muscles is responsible for storing oxygen.

    <p>myoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their functions in muscle contraction:

    <p>Calcium ions = Expose active sites on actin Myosin = Forms cross bridges with actin ATP = Provides energy for muscle contraction Troponin = Regulates the interaction between actin and myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements describes the process of muscle relaxation?

    <p>Calcium ions are pumped back to the sarcoplasmic cisternae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Repeated activation of muscles can lead to the accumulation of lactic acid, causing fatigue.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During muscle contraction, the 'Z' lines are pulled ______ towards the center of the A band.

    <p>inward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the function of joints?

    <p>They allow movement between bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synovial joints do not allow considerable movement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three bones that form each coxal bone?

    <p>ilium, ischium, pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cavity at the point of fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis is called the __________.

    <p>acetabulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is NOT associated with considerable movement?

    <p>Fibrous joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pubic symphysis contains fibrous cartilage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vertebral column contains 30 individual vertebrae in humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the first two cervical vertebrae called?

    <p>Atlas and Axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The last two pairs of ribs in humans are referred to as __________ ribs.

    <p>floating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of vertebrae with their number:

    <p>Cervical = 7 Thoracic = 12 Lumbar = 5 Sacral = 1 (fused)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the vertebral column is responsible for protecting the spinal cord?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first seven pairs of ribs are called false ribs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle?

    <p>Muscular dystrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tetany refers to the inflammation of joints.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of osteoporosis?

    <p>Decreased levels of estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to muscular disorders with their descriptions:

    <p>Myasthenia gravis = Autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction Gout = Accumulation of uric acid crystals causing joint inflammation Osteoporosis = Age-related decrease in bone mass Tetany = Wild contractions in muscles due to low calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of cardiac muscle?

    <p>Striated and branched</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcium ions (Ca++) during muscle contraction?

    <p>Activates actin to bind with myosin head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All skeletal muscles are involuntary.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes locomotion from other types of movements?

    <p>Locomotion results in a change of place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amoeboid movement is characterized by the movement of cilia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one locomotory structure utilized by Hydra.

    <p>Tentacles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, the internal organs lined by ciliated epithelium exhibit ________ movement.

    <p>ciliary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason animals perform locomotion?

    <p>To escape from enemies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cilia function only in movement and not in feeding.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movement type is primarily exhibited by macrophages in the human body?

    <p>Amoeboid movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does acetylcholine play at the neuromuscular junction?

    <p>It generates an action potential in the muscle fiber.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'I' bands shorten while the 'A' bands remain constant during muscle contraction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accumulates in muscles leading to fatigue after repeated activation?

    <p>Lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ band is where the actin filaments are pulled towards during muscle contraction.

    <p>A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the process with its function in muscle contraction:

    <p>Calcium ion release = Exposes active sites on actin Myosin head rotation = Pulls actin filaments inward Cross-bridge formation = Binds myosin to actin Hydrolysis of ATP = Releases energy for contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components returns to its relaxed state after muscle contraction?

    <p>Myosin heads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscles that contain high myoglobin content and appear reddish are classified as _____ fibers.

    <p>Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sliding filament theory explains how muscles contract by shortening the A bands.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central part of the thick filament called, which is not overlapped by thin filaments?

    <p>H zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each actin filament is made up of two filamentous actins spiraled together.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein binds to the active sites on actin during muscle contraction?

    <p>myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sliding filament theory explains that muscle contraction occurs due to the sliding of thin filaments over the thick filaments, initiated by a signal from the ______.

    <p>central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of muscle contraction with their descriptions:

    <p>Actin = Thin filament that facilitates contraction Myosin = Thick filament that binds to actin Tropomyosin = Covers active sites on actin in a resting state Troponin = Regulatory protein that interacts with tropomyosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of myosin is known as the globular head, which has ATP binding sites?

    <p>Heavy meromyosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tropomyosin and troponin are not part of the actin filament structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unit is formed by a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it connects to?

    <p>motor unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscles are known for their high mitochondria content and ability to use oxygen for ATP production?

    <p>Aerobic muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axial skeleton includes the hyoid bone as one of its components.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many total bones are there in the adult human body?

    <p>206</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscles that appear pale or whitish due to low myoglobin content are known as __________.

    <p>white fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of skeleton comprises the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs?

    <p>Axial skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The skeletal system consists entirely of bones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic difference between red and white muscle fibers?

    <p>Red fibers have high myoglobin content and can perform aerobic respiration, while white fibers have low myoglobin content and rely on anaerobic processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two halves that form each pectoral girdle?

    <p>Clavicle and scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cup-shaped bone that covers the knee is known as the ______.

    <p>patella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bones with their corresponding categories:

    <p>Humerus = Bone of the arm Femur = Bone of the thigh Radius = Bone of the forearm Tibia = Bone of the lower leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many carpals are there in the human wrist?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The glenoid cavity of the scapula articulates with the head of the femur.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The number of digits in a human hand is ______.

    <p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of joints in the body?

    <p>To connect bones and facilitate movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrous joints allow significant movement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three bones that make up each coxal bone?

    <p>ilium, ischium, pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cavity where the thigh bone articulates with the coxal bone is called the ______.

    <p>acetabulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a synovial joint?

    <p>Knee joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pubic symphysis is made of bony tissue.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characterized by a fluid-filled cavity?

    <p>synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of movement exhibited by cells in the human body?

    <p>Thoracic movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Paramoecium, ______ helps in the movement of food and locomotion.

    <p>cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism exhibits a simple form of movement through streaming of protoplasm?

    <p>Amoeba</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humans can use limbs solely for locomotion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one structure that assists in locomotion for Hydra.

    <p>Tentacles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cervical vertebrae are found in almost all mammals, including humans?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the _______ ossicles.

    <p>ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of ribs with their descriptions:

    <p>True ribs = First seven pairs attached directly to sternum False ribs = 8th, 9th, and 10th pairs attached indirectly to sternum Floating ribs = 11th and 12th pairs not connected ventrally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vertebral regions is correctly matched with the number of vertebrae?

    <p>Lumbar - 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sternum is a flat bone that lies on the dorsal midline of the thorax.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two fused sacral and coccygeal vertebrae called?

    <p>Sacrum and Coccyx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The patella is also referred to as the knee cap.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the total numbers of phalanges in one hand?

    <p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bones of the wrist are known as ________.

    <p>carpals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones articulates with the head of the humerus?

    <p>Scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the pelvic girdle with their respective details:

    <p>Clavicle = Part of the pectoral girdle Scapula = Also known as shoulder blade Femur = Thigh bone Patella = Knee cap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are 7 tarsal bones in the ankle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many metacarpals are present in one hand?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for muscles that contain a large amount of mitochondria and utilize oxygen for ATP production?

    <p>Aerobic muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    White muscle fibers appear reddish in color due to high myoglobin content.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bones are there in the human skeleton?

    <p>206</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axial skeleton comprises ______ bones distributed along the main axis of the body.

    <p>80</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding cartilage?

    <p>It has a slightly pliable matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The skull consists of 22 individual bones, which includes 8 cranial bones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum?

    <p>Axial skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are responsible for muscle contraction by pulling actin filaments?

    <p>Cross bridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The appendicular skeleton includes the skull and vertebral column.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joints allow considerable movements?

    <p>Synovial joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscles can be classified into __________ and __________ fibers based on myoglobin content.

    <p>Red, White</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following joints with their descriptions:

    <p>Atlas/Axis = Pivot joint Carpal/Metacarpal of thumb = Saddle joint Phalanges = Hinge joint Femus/Acetabulum = Ball and socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types of muscle fibers are primarily discussed?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The H-zone of striated muscle fiber contains only thick filaments.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to calcium ions (Ca++) after muscle contraction?

    <p>They are returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is characterized by rapid spasms in muscles due to low calcium levels?

    <p>Tetany</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscular dystrophy is an autoimmune disorder that leads to muscle paralysis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary structural units of muscle fibers?

    <p>Sarcomeres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The age-related disorder characterized by decreased bone mass is known as __________.

    <p>osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of calcium (Ca++) in muscle contraction?

    <p>Calcium activates actin for myosin binding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skeletal muscles are involuntary in nature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of muscles found in the human body?

    <p>Skeletal, visceral, cardiac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is primarily involved in the transportation of food through the digestive tract?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skeletal muscles are involuntary and do not exhibit striation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is located in the heart?

    <p>Cardiac muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following properties is NOT characteristic of muscles?

    <p>Nervous control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Visceral muscles are under voluntary control.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of locomotion in multicellular organisms?

    <p>Movement or change of location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which band is characterized as the light band containing actin?

    <p>I-band</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myofibrils have a striated appearance due to the arrangement of actin and myosin proteins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber is known as the __________.

    <p>sarcolemma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of muscle fibers:

    <p>Actin = Thin filament Myosin = Thick filament Z-line = Bisects I-band M-line = Holds myosin filaments together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the sarcoplasmic reticulum play in muscle fibers?

    <p>Storehouse of calcium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The A-band and I-band appear to be arranged randomly throughout the length of the myofibrils.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structure do actin and myosin form in the muscle fiber?

    <p>rod-like structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle fibers depend on the anaerobic process for energy?

    <p>White fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axial skeleton contains 80 bones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cranial bones make up the human skull?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The skeletal system is primarily made up of _______ and cartilage.

    <p>bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of muscle fibers with their characteristics:

    <p>Red fibers = High in myoglobin and mitochondria White fibers = Low in myoglobin and depend on anaerobic energy Intermediate fibers = Combination of red and white fibers Cardiac fibers = Involuntary striated muscles found in the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is NOT part of the cranial bones?

    <p>Mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hyoid bone in the body?

    <p>Supports the tongue and is involved in swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of calcium ions in the muscle fiber?

    <p>A neural signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pigment called that stores oxygen in muscle fibers?

    <p>myoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The structure that forms between myosin and actin during contraction is known as a __________.

    <p>cross bridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the muscle contraction process stages with their descriptions:

    <p>Stage 1 = Release of neurotransmitters Stage 2 = Calcium binds to troponin Stage 3 = Cross bridge formation Stage 4 = Relaxation of the muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the sarcomere during muscle contraction?

    <p>It shortens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lactic acid accumulation in muscles contributes to muscle fatigue.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ion is pumped back to the sarcoplasmic cisternae to facilitate muscle relaxation?

    <p>Ca++</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scapula is a flat bone located in the dorsal part of the thorax.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the names of the two bones that make up the lower arm?

    <p>Radius and Ulna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The knee cap is also known as the ______.

    <p>patella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bones with their respective groups:

    <p>Humerus = Arm bone Tibia = Leg bone Clavicle = Shoulder bone Phalanges = Finger bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The metatarsals form the wrist area.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many digits are found in the human hand?

    <p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by joint inflammation due to the accumulation of uric acid crystals?

    <p>Gout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skeletal muscles are involuntary muscles that are striated in appearance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The condition known as ______ is a progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle, mostly due to a genetic disorder.

    <p>muscular dystrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is responsible for involuntary movements in the heart?

    <p>Cardiac muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to activate muscle contraction?

    <p>Ca++</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Actin and myosin are both types of skeletal muscle fibers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is characterized by having a striped appearance and is under voluntary control?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac muscles are exclusively under voluntary control of the nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of visceral muscles?

    <p>Transportation of substances through internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skeletal muscles are also known as _______ muscles due to their striped appearance.

    <p>striated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following muscle types with their characteristics:

    <p>Skeletal muscle = Striated and voluntary Smooth muscle = Non-striated and involuntary Cardiac muscle = Striated and involuntary Visceral muscle = Located in hollow organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of body weight in a human adult is contributed by muscles?

    <p>40-50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one function of flagellar movement in multicellular organisms.

    <p>Swimming of spermatozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The movement of cilia and flagella is essential for human locomotion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central part of the thick filament that is not overlapped by thin filaments called?

    <p>H zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a resting state, actin binding sites are available for interaction with myosin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two components of a thick filament known as meromyosins?

    <p>Heavy meromyosin (HMM) and light meromyosin (LMM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The contracting mechanism of muscle fibers is explained by the ________ theory.

    <p>sliding filament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement is characterized by the use of pseudopodia?

    <p>Amoeboid movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components to their descriptions:

    <p>Tropomyosin = Runs close to F actins throughout their length Troponin = Masks the active binding sites for myosin on actin Actin = Thin filament involved in muscle contraction Myosin = Thick filament involved in muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the role of the ATPase enzyme in muscle contraction?

    <p>Provides energy for sliding filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All movements in living organisms are considered locomotion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one locomotor structure used by humans.

    <p>Limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The contraction of a muscle fiber is initiated by a signal from the central nervous system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The coordinated movements of _______ in the trachea help in removing dust particles.

    <p>cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary unit made up of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it connects to?

    <p>Motor unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of movement with their examples:

    <p>Amoeboid = Movement by pseudopodia Ciliary = Movement in the trachea Muscular = Contraction of skeletal muscles Locomotion = Walking or running</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes locomotion?

    <p>Locomotion includes movements like swimming and flying.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animals typically use the same structures for locomotion and other types of movements.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary reason for locomotion in animals?

    <p>To search for food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During muscle contraction, the A bands shorten while the I bands retain their length.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following muscle properties with their descriptions:

    <p>Red fibers = High myoglobin content, used for endurance. White fibers = Low myoglobin content, used for quick bursts of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myoglobin contributes to the reddish appearance of muscles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes fatigue in muscles after repeated activation?

    <p>Accumulation of lactic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is myasthenia gravis primarily characterized by?

    <p>Fatigue and weakening of skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscular dystrophy is a disorder caused by environmental factors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes gout?

    <p>Accumulation of uric acid crystals in joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoporosis is characterized by decreased bone mass and increased chances of __________.

    <p>fractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the disorders with their descriptions:

    <p>Myasthenia gravis = Fatigue and weakness of muscles Muscular dystrophy = Progressive muscle degeneration Tetany = Rapid muscle spasms due to low calcium Gout = Joint inflammation from uric acid accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is involuntary and striated?

    <p>Cardiac muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skeletal muscles are non-striated and primarily involuntary.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do calcium ions play in muscle contraction?

    <p>They bind to actin and help form cross bridges with myosin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do red muscle fibers primarily contain that distinguishes them from white muscle fibers?

    <p>Myoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synovial joints allow limited movements.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of joints formed between bones or between bone and cartilage?

    <p>Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The skeletal system is primarily composed of bones and __________.

    <p>cartilages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following muscle components with their characteristics:

    <p>Tropomyosin = ii. Thin filament Smooth muscle = iv. Involuntary Red muscle = i. Myoglobin Skull = iii. Sutures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle fibers are more likely to lead to fatigue with repeated stimulation?

    <p>White fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human skeleton consists of 206 bones and 12 pairs of ribs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method of locomotion in animals?

    <p>Climbing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All movements are classified as locomotion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Paramoecium, cilia assist in both locomotion and the movement of food through the __________.

    <p>cytopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of movement with their characteristics:

    <p>Amoeboid = Movement using pseudopodia Ciliary = Coordinated waves of motion Muscular = Movement by muscle contractions Locomotion = Change of place or location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily drives locomotion in animals?

    <p>Search for food and shelter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ciliary movement is primarily responsible for removing dust particles from the respiratory tract.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one specialized cell type in the human body that exhibits amoeboid movement.

    <p>Macrophages or leucocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The patella is also known as the knee cap.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components of each half of the pectoral girdle?

    <p>Clavicle and scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cup-shaped bone covering the knee is called the ______.

    <p>patella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bones with their locations:

    <p>Humerus = Upper limb Tibia = Lower limb Scapula = Dorsal thorax Pelvis = Lower body structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scapula is a round bone located in the ventral part of the thorax.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the types of bones located in the hands.

    <p>Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All fibrous joints permit some degree of movement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cavity where the thigh bone articulates with the pelvic girdle is called the __________.

    <p>acetabulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pelvic girdle is formed by the fusion of four bones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the knee classified as?

    <p>Hinge joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During muscle contraction, both the I bands and A bands retain their lengths.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the pigment responsible for storing oxygen in muscle tissue?

    <p>myoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The junction between a motor neuron and the muscle fiber is called the ________ junction.

    <p>neuromuscular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The accumulation of lactic acid in muscles leads to fatigue.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the generation of an action potential in the sarcolemma?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of osteoporosis?

    <p>Decreased levels of estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myasthenia gravis leads to an increase in muscle strength and function.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of tetany in muscles?

    <p>Rapid spasms or wild contractions of muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ is caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints.

    <p>Gout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the muscular and skeletal disorders to their descriptions:

    <p>Myasthenia gravis = Autoimmune disorder affecting skeletal muscles Muscular dystrophy = Progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle Arthritis = Inflammation of joints Osteoporosis = Decreased bone mass and increased fracture risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscles are involuntary and found in visceral organs?

    <p>Visceral muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skeletal muscles are striated and under voluntary control.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ are protein structures that play a crucial role in muscle contraction through the interaction of actin and myosin.

    <p>sarcomeres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint allows for considerable movements and is essential for locomotion?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human skeleton consists of 206 bones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two primary classifications of muscle fibers based on myoglobin content?

    <p>Red and White muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is the part of the skeleton that includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

    <p>axial skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of muscle with its characteristic:

    <p>Smooth muscle = Involuntary Skeletal muscle = Voluntary Cardiac muscle = Involuntary and striated White muscle = Low myoglobin content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes muscles to relax after contraction?

    <p>Return of Ca++ to the sarcoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The H-zone of a striated muscle fiber contains both thick and thin filaments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the type of joint found between cranial bones.

    <p>Fibrous joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of movement exhibited by unicellular organisms.

    <p>Amoeboid movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydra can use its tentacles for both capturing prey and __________.

    <p>locomotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells in the human body exhibit amoeboid movement?

    <p>Macrophages and leucocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ciliary movement is primarily found in the digestive tract.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary reasons for locomotion in animals?

    <p>Search for food, shelter, mate, suitable breeding grounds, and escape from predators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The I bands lengthen during muscle contraction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium ions are pumped back to the __________ after muscle contraction.

    <p>sarcoplasmic cisternae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their roles in muscle contraction:

    <p>Acetylcholine = Neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction Troponin = Binds to calcium ions and helps expose active sites Myosin = Forms cross bridges with actin Calcium ions = Trigger muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when ATP binds to the myosin head?

    <p>The cross-bridge is broken.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Red fibers contain a high concentration of myoglobin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to fatigue during repeated muscle activation?

    <p>Accumulation of lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle fibers are characterized by high myoglobin content and a large number of mitochondria?

    <p>Red fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The appendicular skeleton consists of 80 bones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the skeletal system?

    <p>Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The skeletal system in humans is made up of ________ bones.

    <p>206</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of muscle fiber with its characteristics.

    <p>Red fibers = High myoglobin, many mitochondria, aerobic White fibers = Low myoglobin, few mitochondria, anaerobic Smooth muscles = Involuntary, found in organs Striated muscles = Voluntary, attached to skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is NOT part of the axial skeleton?

    <p>Clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human skull comprises a total of 22 bones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue gives bones their hard matrix?

    <p>Calcium salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint does not allow any movement?

    <p>Fibrous joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cartilaginous joints allow for considerable movement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cavity is formed at the point of fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis?

    <p>acetabulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pelvic girdle consists of two __________ bones.

    <p>coxal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The clavicle is commonly known as the collar bone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of synovial joint mentioned in the content.

    <p>Ball and socket joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, gliding joint, or saddle joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoporosis is characterized by increased bone mass.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of muscle that is striated and involuntary.

    <p>Cardiac muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of myosin in muscle contraction?

    <p>To form cross bridges with actin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscular dystrophy is primarily caused by environmental factors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein masks the active sites on resting actin filament?

    <p>Troponin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle fibers have high amounts of myoglobin?

    <p>Red muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of synovial joints?

    <p>To allow considerable movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are ____ types of joints between bones: fibrous, cartilaginous, and _____.

    <p>three, synovial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of joint at the femur/acetabulum is known as a _______ joint.

    <p>ball-and-socket</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Locomotion and Movement

    • Movement is a defining characteristic of living organisms.
    • Movement in single-celled organisms involves protoplasmic streaming.
    • Movement in multicellular organisms includes cilia, flagella, and tentacles.
    • Voluntary movements in humans include limb, jaw, eyelid, and tongue movement.
    • Locomotion is a specific type of movement that results in a change of location.
    • Examples of locomotion include walking, running, climbing, flying, and swimming.
    • Locomotory structures can also serve other movement purposes.
    • Movement and locomotion are interconnected; locomotion is one type of movement.
    • Animal locomotion varies with habitat and environmental needs.
    • Some reasons for locomotion include finding food, shelter, mates, suitable breeding areas, and escaping predators.

    Types of Movement

    • Human cells exhibit three types of movements: ameboid, ciliary, and muscular.

    Muscles

    • Cells in blood, such as macrophages and leucocytes, exhibit amoeboid movement.
    • Pseudopodia (extensions of cytoplasm) facilitate this movement.
    • Cilia aid in internal bodily functions, like clearing respiratory passages.
    • Muscular movement is crucial for locomotion and other bodily movements.
    • Muscles are classified by location (skeletal, visceral, cardiac), appearance (striated or non-striated), and control (voluntary or involuntary).
    • Skeletal muscles are connected to the skeleton, are striated, and voluntary.
    • Visceral muscles form the inner linings of internal organs, are non-striated, and involuntary.
    • Cardiac muscles form the heart, are striated, and involuntary.

    Muscle Structure

    • Muscle fibers are made up of bundles of fibers called fascicles.
    • Each fiber is lined with a plasma membrane (sarcolemma).
    • Sarcoplasm, the cytoplasm of muscle fibers, contains many nuclei.
    • Sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium ions.
    • Myofilaments (actin and myosin) are organized into myofibrils.
    • Myofibrils show alternating light (I-bands) and dark (A-bands) striations.

    Contractile Proteins

    • Actin (thin filaments) is a polymer of globular actin (G-actin) and has troponin and tropomyosin proteins.
    • Myosin (thick filaments) is a polymer of meromyosin proteins.
    • Meromyosin includes heavy and light meromyosin parts, with heads and tails.
    • Heads have ATPase activity and binding sites for actin.

    Mechanism of Muscle Contraction

    • Sliding filament theory describes muscle contraction.
    • During contraction, actin filaments slide over myosin filaments.
    • Calcium (Ca++) release exposes myosin-binding sites on actin.
    • ATP hydrolysis powers myosin head movement and cross-bridge formation and breaking.

    Skeletal System

    • Skeletal system comprises bones and cartilage.
    • Axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs.
    • Appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs (forelimb and hindlimb).
    • Skull is made of cranial and facial bones.
    • Vertebral column consists of vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal).
    • Ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae and sternum to form the ribcage.
    • Pectoral girdle includes clavicle and scapula attaching the forelimbs.
    • Pelvic girdle includes two coxal bones that connect to the hind limbs.

    Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System

    • Myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, tetany, and arthritis are examples of disorders affecting muscles and/or skeletal systems.

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    Explore the fascinating world of movement in living organisms with this quiz on locomotion and types of movement. Learn about the various locomotory structures and their roles in animal behavior, from single-celled organisms to humans. Understand how different types of movement are essential for survival and adaptation in diverse environments.

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