Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?
Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?
- Killing bacteria in the mouth
- Moistening food for easier swallowing
- Breaking down fats (correct)
- Digesting carbohydrates
What is the primary role of the stomach's muscular walls?
What is the primary role of the stomach's muscular walls?
- Secreting hydrochloric acid
- Mixing food with digestive juices (correct)
- Producing digestive enzymes
- Absorbing nutrients from food
What substance does the liver produce to aid in the digestion of fats?
What substance does the liver produce to aid in the digestion of fats?
- Pepsin
- Trypsin
- Bile (correct)
- Amylase
What is the primary function of the small intestine?
What is the primary function of the small intestine?
What is the role of villi in the small intestine?
What is the role of villi in the small intestine?
What is the main function of the large intestine?
What is the main function of the large intestine?
Which of the following is a correct statement about the digestive system?
Which of the following is a correct statement about the digestive system?
What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
What is the role of mucus in the stomach?
What is the role of mucus in the stomach?
What is the significance of the sphincter muscle at the exit of the stomach?
What is the significance of the sphincter muscle at the exit of the stomach?
What is the primary role of the enzyme lipase?
What is the primary role of the enzyme lipase?
What is the name of the finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption?
What is the name of the finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption?
Which of the following is NOT a way digested food is used by the body?
Which of the following is NOT a way digested food is used by the body?
What is dental plaque and how does it contribute to tooth decay?
What is dental plaque and how does it contribute to tooth decay?
What is the role of the anal sphincter?
What is the role of the anal sphincter?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the digestive system?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the digestive system?
Why is respiration considered essential for the survival of most organisms?
Why is respiration considered essential for the survival of most organisms?
In what form do plants store excess energy derived from photosynthesis?
In what form do plants store excess energy derived from photosynthesis?
Which of the following is NOT a by-product of energy generation in living organisms?
Which of the following is NOT a by-product of energy generation in living organisms?
Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?
Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?
Why do multicellular organisms need a transportation system?
Why do multicellular organisms need a transportation system?
What is the main purpose of the separation of the right and left sides of the heart?
What is the main purpose of the separation of the right and left sides of the heart?
Which of the following animals would have a three-chambered heart?
Which of the following animals would have a three-chambered heart?
What happens to food materials before they can be used for growth and maintenance in heterotrophic organisms?
What happens to food materials before they can be used for growth and maintenance in heterotrophic organisms?
What is the function of valves in the heart?
What is the function of valves in the heart?
Which of the following is an example of an autotroph?
Which of the following is an example of an autotroph?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of arteries?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of arteries?
What is the primary source of energy for autotrophs?
What is the primary source of energy for autotrophs?
What is the main function of capillaries in the circulatory system?
What is the main function of capillaries in the circulatory system?
What is the role of enzymes in the process of nutrition?
What is the role of enzymes in the process of nutrition?
Which component of the blood helps to plug leaks and clot blood at points of injury?
Which component of the blood helps to plug leaks and clot blood at points of injury?
How do the body's cells receive energy from food?
How do the body's cells receive energy from food?
What is the function of lymph in the circulatory system?
What is the function of lymph in the circulatory system?
What is the primary function of the excretory system in living organisms?
What is the primary function of the excretory system in living organisms?
Why is a proper system of transportation essential in plants?
Why is a proper system of transportation essential in plants?
Why are specialized tissues necessary for complex multicellular organisms?
Why are specialized tissues necessary for complex multicellular organisms?
What is the major source of raw materials for plants?
What is the major source of raw materials for plants?
In which of the following situations is diffusion likely to be sufficient for the transport of substances?
In which of the following situations is diffusion likely to be sufficient for the transport of substances?
Why do plants have lower energy needs compared to animals?
Why do plants have lower energy needs compared to animals?
What is the primary difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition?
What is the primary difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition?
What is the term used for the pressure blood exerts against the walls of vessels?
What is the term used for the pressure blood exerts against the walls of vessels?
What is glycogen?
What is glycogen?
What is the name of the instrument used to measure blood pressure?
What is the name of the instrument used to measure blood pressure?
What is the primary function of chlorophyll in plants?
What is the primary function of chlorophyll in plants?
What is the condition called when blood pressure is consistently high?
What is the condition called when blood pressure is consistently high?
Why is the process of excretion crucial for the survival of organisms?
Why is the process of excretion crucial for the survival of organisms?
What is the primary function of the xylem in plant transport systems?
What is the primary function of the xylem in plant transport systems?
What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
What process is responsible for pulling water up the xylem from the roots to the leaves?
What process is responsible for pulling water up the xylem from the roots to the leaves?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the human excretory system?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the human excretory system?
What is the main function of the kidneys in the human excretory system?
What is the main function of the kidneys in the human excretory system?
Which of the following is responsible for transporting the products of photosynthesis in plants?
Which of the following is responsible for transporting the products of photosynthesis in plants?
How is the movement of materials in phloem different from the movement in xylem?
How is the movement of materials in phloem different from the movement in xylem?
What type of waste products are removed from the blood by the kidneys?
What type of waste products are removed from the blood by the kidneys?
What is the name of the process by which the products of photosynthesis are moved throughout the plant?
What is the name of the process by which the products of photosynthesis are moved throughout the plant?
What is the primary driving force for the upward movement of water in plants during the daytime?
What is the primary driving force for the upward movement of water in plants during the daytime?
What are the tiny clusters of blood capillaries that act as the basic filtration units in the kidneys?
What are the tiny clusters of blood capillaries that act as the basic filtration units in the kidneys?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the xylem tissue in plants?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the xylem tissue in plants?
Why is it important for mammals and birds to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?
Why is it important for mammals and birds to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?
What is the primary function of the acid in our stomach?
What is the primary function of the acid in our stomach?
What is the role of companion cells in phloem transport?
What is the role of companion cells in phloem transport?
Which of the following is the most important driving force for the movement of water in the xylem during the night?
Which of the following is the most important driving force for the movement of water in the xylem during the night?
During anaerobic respiration, glucose is broken down into which product?
During anaerobic respiration, glucose is broken down into which product?
Which of these organisms is most likely to have the fastest rate of breathing?
Which of these organisms is most likely to have the fastest rate of breathing?
What is the name of the tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
What is the name of the tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
What is the main advantage of aerobic respiration over anaerobic respiration?
What is the main advantage of aerobic respiration over anaerobic respiration?
Where are the kidneys located in the human body?
Where are the kidneys located in the human body?
How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food?
How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food?
What is the role of ATP in cellular processes?
What is the role of ATP in cellular processes?
During photosynthesis, where do plants obtain the carbon dioxide they need?
During photosynthesis, where do plants obtain the carbon dioxide they need?
What causes muscle cramps during sudden physical activity?
What causes muscle cramps during sudden physical activity?
What happens to the carbon dioxide produced during the respiration of plants?
What happens to the carbon dioxide produced during the respiration of plants?
How do digestive enzymes help in breaking down food?
How do digestive enzymes help in breaking down food?
Why do aquatic organisms need to breathe faster than terrestrial organisms?
Why do aquatic organisms need to breathe faster than terrestrial organisms?
Which of the following is NOT a product of aerobic respiration?
Which of the following is NOT a product of aerobic respiration?
What is the function of the respiratory system in animals?
What is the function of the respiratory system in animals?
What is the main source of energy for most cellular processes?
What is the main source of energy for most cellular processes?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of the large surface area of the small intestine?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of the large surface area of the small intestine?
What is the primary function of Bowman’s capsule in the kidneys?
What is the primary function of Bowman’s capsule in the kidneys?
Which substances are reabsorbed in the nephron during urine formation?
Which substances are reabsorbed in the nephron during urine formation?
How does the body regulate the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys?
How does the body regulate the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys?
What happens in the process of dialysis using an artificial kidney?
What happens in the process of dialysis using an artificial kidney?
What is the estimated daily volume of initial filtrate produced by the kidneys in a healthy adult?
What is the estimated daily volume of initial filtrate produced by the kidneys in a healthy adult?
What role does the urinary bladder play in the excretory system?
What role does the urinary bladder play in the excretory system?
Which statement is true regarding plant excretion compared to animal excretion?
Which statement is true regarding plant excretion compared to animal excretion?
What type of respiration produces the most energy for living organisms?
What type of respiration produces the most energy for living organisms?
What function do the nephrons serve in the kidneys?
What function do the nephrons serve in the kidneys?
Which organ is most commonly associated with organ transplantation?
Which organ is most commonly associated with organ transplantation?
What waste product do plants generate during photosynthesis?
What waste product do plants generate during photosynthesis?
What is the function of xylem in plants?
What is the function of xylem in plants?
What is a potential consequence of kidney failure?
What is a potential consequence of kidney failure?
Why is visible movement not enough to determine if something is alive?
Why is visible movement not enough to determine if something is alive?
What is a key reason why molecular movement is essential for life?
What is a key reason why molecular movement is essential for life?
Why is there controversy about whether viruses are truly alive?
Why is there controversy about whether viruses are truly alive?
Why does the organized nature of living structures break down over time?
Why does the organized nature of living structures break down over time?
What is the primary purpose of life processes?
What is the primary purpose of life processes?
Which of the following is NOT a life process?
Which of the following is NOT a life process?
What is the main reason why life processes require energy?
What is the main reason why life processes require energy?
How does the information about the maintenance of living organisms reinforce the idea that life processes are essential?
How does the information about the maintenance of living organisms reinforce the idea that life processes are essential?
What is the primary reason for placing a leaf in boiling water before immersing it in alcohol during the starch test?
What is the primary reason for placing a leaf in boiling water before immersing it in alcohol during the starch test?
Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of carbon dioxide absorption by plants?
Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of carbon dioxide absorption by plants?
What is the primary function of guard cells in plants?
What is the primary function of guard cells in plants?
In the experiment with potassium hydroxide, why does the plant under the bell jar without potassium hydroxide show a greater presence of starch compared to the one with potassium hydroxide?
In the experiment with potassium hydroxide, why does the plant under the bell jar without potassium hydroxide show a greater presence of starch compared to the one with potassium hydroxide?
What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
Which of the following is a key difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition?
Which of the following is a key difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition?
Which of the following organisms is an example of a heterotrophic organism that breaks down food outside its body?
Which of the following organisms is an example of a heterotrophic organism that breaks down food outside its body?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of parasitic nutrition?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of parasitic nutrition?
How do single-celled organisms like Amoeba obtain nutrients?
How do single-celled organisms like Amoeba obtain nutrients?
What is the role of cilia in the nutrition of Paramoecium?
What is the role of cilia in the nutrition of Paramoecium?
What is the primary function of the food vacuole in Amoeba?
What is the primary function of the food vacuole in Amoeba?
Which of the following describes the process of heterotrophic nutrition in animals?
Which of the following describes the process of heterotrophic nutrition in animals?
Which of the following is an example of an organism that uses parasitic nutrition?
Which of the following is an example of an organism that uses parasitic nutrition?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the alimentary canal in humans?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the alimentary canal in humans?
Which of the following processes is NOT involved in the digestion of food in the human body?
Which of the following processes is NOT involved in the digestion of food in the human body?
What is the primary function of the small intestine in the human digestive system?
What is the primary function of the small intestine in the human digestive system?
What is the primary function of the alveoli in the human respiratory system?
What is the primary function of the alveoli in the human respiratory system?
Why is smoking harmful to the lungs?
Why is smoking harmful to the lungs?
How does the body ensure that air does not collapse the air passage in the throat?
How does the body ensure that air does not collapse the air passage in the throat?
What is the main role of haemoglobin in the human body?
What is the main role of haemoglobin in the human body?
What is the primary mechanism by which the body increases the volume of the chest cavity during inhalation?
What is the primary mechanism by which the body increases the volume of the chest cavity during inhalation?
Why is the alveolar surface area so large in human beings?
Why is the alveolar surface area so large in human beings?
Which of the following is NOT a common effect of tobacco use?
Which of the following is NOT a common effect of tobacco use?
What is the advantage of having a residual volume of air in the lungs during the breathing cycle?
What is the advantage of having a residual volume of air in the lungs during the breathing cycle?
What is the correct order of the pathway air travels through the human respiratory system?
What is the correct order of the pathway air travels through the human respiratory system?
Which of the following statements about the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in human blood is true?
Which of the following statements about the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in human blood is true?
What is the primary function of the heart in the human circulatory system?
What is the primary function of the heart in the human circulatory system?
How do the lungs work to remove carbon dioxide from the body?
How do the lungs work to remove carbon dioxide from the body?
What characteristic of the respiratory pigment haemoglobin makes it particularly well-suited for oxygen transport?
What characteristic of the respiratory pigment haemoglobin makes it particularly well-suited for oxygen transport?
Which of the following is a consequence of diffusion alone being insufficient for oxygen delivery to all parts of a large animal's body?
Which of the following is a consequence of diffusion alone being insufficient for oxygen delivery to all parts of a large animal's body?
Why is it important to prevent mixing of oxygen-rich blood and carbon dioxide-rich blood in the heart?
Why is it important to prevent mixing of oxygen-rich blood and carbon dioxide-rich blood in the heart?
What is the main reason why the upper part of the respiratory tract is lined with cilia?
What is the main reason why the upper part of the respiratory tract is lined with cilia?
Flashcards
Criteria for Life
Criteria for Life
Characteristics used to determine if something is alive include movement, growth, and molecular activity.
Molecular Movement
Molecular Movement
The movement of molecules is essential for life processes even if not visibly observable.
Viruses Controversy
Viruses Controversy
Viruses do not show molecular movement until they infect a host, raising debate about their status as living organisms.
Life Processes
Life Processes
Processes needed for maintaining life, including repair and energy use, occurring even during rest.
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Signs of Life
Signs of Life
Common signs of life include detectable movement, growth, and color, but not all living things show them visibly.
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Organized Structures
Organized Structures
Living organisms consist of well-organized structures at various levels, from molecules to tissues.
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Energy for Maintenance
Energy for Maintenance
Living organisms require energy to perform life processes and maintain their structures.
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Growth in Plants
Growth in Plants
Plants show evidence of life through growth, even if they have non-green leaves.
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Salivary Amylase
Salivary Amylase
An enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch into simple sugars.
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Peristalsis
Peristalsis
The rhythmic contraction of muscles in the digestive tract to move food.
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Gastric Glands
Gastric Glands
Glands in the stomach wall that secrete digestive juices including hydrochloric acid.
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Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrochloric Acid
A strong acid in the stomach that aids in digestion and creates an acidic environment.
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Pepsin
Pepsin
A protein-digesting enzyme released by gastric glands in the stomach.
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Bile Juice
Bile Juice
Digestive fluid produced by the liver that emulsifies fats in the small intestine.
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Villi
Villi
Tiny finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption.
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Pancreatic Juice
Pancreatic Juice
Fluid containing enzymes that assist in digesting proteins and fats in the small intestine.
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Intestinal Juice
Intestinal Juice
Fluid secreted by small intestine glands that helps in digestion and nutrient absorption.
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Small Intestine
Small Intestine
The longest part of the alimentary canal where complete digestion occurs.
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Alimentary Canal
Alimentary Canal
The whole passage along which food passes through the body, including mouth and intestines.
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Oesophagus
Oesophagus
The tube connecting the mouth to the stomach that carries food during swallowing.
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Dental Caries
Dental Caries
Tooth decay caused by bacteria acting on sugars.
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Starch Reaction with Iodine
Starch Reaction with Iodine
Iodine turns blue-black in presence of starch, indicating starch's presence.
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Respiration
Respiration
The process of breathing and gas exchange in living organisms.
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Nostrils
Nostrils
The external openings of the respiratory system where air enters the body.
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Cilia
Cilia
Hair-like structures in the upper respiratory tract that help remove harmful particles from air.
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Alveoli
Alveoli
Tiny balloon-like structures in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
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Haemoglobin
Haemoglobin
A respiratory pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.
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Carbon Dioxide Transport
Carbon Dioxide Transport
Carbon dioxide is mostly transported in blood in dissolved form.
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Filtering Mechanism
Filtering Mechanism
The process of filtering air through hairs and mucus as it enters the nostrils.
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Residual Volume
Residual Volume
The air that remains in the lungs even after exhalation, ensuring constant gas exchange.
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Lung Structure
Lung Structure
The network of tubes in the lungs that maximizes surface area for gas exchange.
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Effect of Tobacco
Effect of Tobacco
Use of tobacco products adversely affects major organs such as lungs and heart and increases cancer risks.
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Heart Chambers
Heart Chambers
Different sections of the heart that separate oxygen-rich and carbon dioxide-rich blood.
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Diffusion Pressure
Diffusion Pressure
The natural movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration for oxygen delivery in large animals.
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Pumping Organ
Pumping Organ
The heart, responsible for circulating blood throughout the body to transport oxygen and nutrients.
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Mucus Function
Mucus Function
A lubricant and trap for dust and germs in the air passage that protects the lungs.
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Blood Plasma
Blood Plasma
The fluid medium in which blood cells are suspended, transporting substances like nutrients and waste.
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Oxygen Exchange Process
Oxygen Exchange Process
The process of oxygen being absorbed into the blood in the alveoli and carbon dioxide released.
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Nutrition
Nutrition
The process of transferring energy from food to an organism.
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Energy sources for organisms
Energy sources for organisms
External sources that provide energy, primarily carbon-based food.
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Single-celled organisms
Single-celled organisms
Organisms that can absorb nutrients directly from the environment.
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Diffusion
Diffusion
The process of movement of substances from high to low concentration.
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Multi-cellular organisms
Multi-cellular organisms
Organisms made of many cells that require specialized systems for functions.
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Transportation system
Transportation system
A system in organisms to transport food and oxygen to cells.
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Excretion
Excretion
The process of removing waste products from the body.
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Autotrophs
Autotrophs
Organisms that produce their own food using inorganic materials.
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Heterotrophs
Heterotrophs
Organisms that obtain food by consuming other living things.
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
The process by which autotrophs convert sunlight into stored energy.
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Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll
The green pigment in plants that captures light energy for photosynthesis.
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Energy-rich compounds produced during photosynthesis for plants.
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Starch
Starch
A storage form of energy in plants derived from carbohydrates.
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Glycogen
Glycogen
A form of energy storage in animals, similar to starch in plants.
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Left Ventricle Function
Left Ventricle Function
Contracts to pump oxygenated blood to the body.
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Right Atrium
Right Atrium
Upper chamber receiving deoxygenated blood from the body.
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Right Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
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Atria vs Ventricles
Atria vs Ventricles
Atria are upper chambers; ventricles are lower and thicker-walled.
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Heart Valve Function
Heart Valve Function
Prevents backflow of blood during heart contractions.
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Double Circulation
Double Circulation
Blood passes through the heart twice during each full cycle.
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Systolic Pressure
Systolic Pressure
Pressure in arteries during ventricular contraction.
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Diastolic Pressure
Diastolic Pressure
Pressure in arteries during ventricular relaxation.
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Role of Arteries
Role of Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart under high pressure.
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Role of Veins
Role of Veins
Return blood to the heart, equipped with valves.
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Capillaries
Capillaries
Smallest blood vessels where material exchange occurs.
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Platelets
Platelets
Cells that help clot blood and minimize leakage.
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Lymph
Lymph
Fluid similar to plasma, involved in tissue and nutrient transport.
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Plant Transportation
Plant Transportation
System for transporting nutrients and water through the plant.
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Roots Function
Roots Function
Absorb water and nutrients from the soil for the plant.
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Stomata
Stomata
Tiny pores on the leaf surface that allow gas exchange.
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Guard Cells
Guard Cells
Cells surrounding stomata that control their opening and closing.
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Iodine Test
Iodine Test
A test used to detect the presence of starch in a substance.
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Carbon Dioxide Absorption
Carbon Dioxide Absorption
The process where plants take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
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Photosynthesis Stages
Photosynthesis Stages
Includes light absorption, water splitting, and carbon dioxide reduction.
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Terrestrial Plants
Terrestrial Plants
Plants that grow on land and obtain nutrients from soil.
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Heterotrophic Nutrition
Heterotrophic Nutrition
Nutrition by obtaining food from other organisms.
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Fungi
Fungi
Organisms that absorb nutrients by breaking down food outside their bodies.
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Amoeba
Amoeba
A single-celled organism that ingests food using pseudopodia.
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Autotrophic Nutrition
Autotrophic Nutrition
Nutrition where organisms produce their own food, usually through photosynthesis.
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Paramoecium
Paramoecium
A unicellular organism that uses cilia for feeding.
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Photosynthesis Raw Materials
Photosynthesis Raw Materials
Plants obtain carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight for photosynthesis.
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Water Loss Regulation
Water Loss Regulation
The ability of plants to close stomata to prevent water loss.
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Role of Stomach Acid
Role of Stomach Acid
Acid helps digest food and kill harmful bacteria in the stomach.
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Function of Digestive Enzymes
Function of Digestive Enzymes
They break down food into smaller, absorbable molecules.
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Small Intestine Structure
Small Intestine Structure
Designed with folds and villi to maximize absorption of nutrients.
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Lime Water Test
Lime Water Test
A chemical test to indicate presence of carbon dioxide by turning cloudy.
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Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
Respiration that occurs without oxygen, producing ethanol and CO2.
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Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Respiration that requires oxygen to produce energy, CO2, and water.
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Pyruvate Conversion
Pyruvate Conversion
Pyruvate can become ethanol or lactic acid depending on oxygen availability.
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ATP
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of cells used for various activities.
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Gas Exchange in Plants
Gas Exchange in Plants
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged through stomata in plants.
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Fish Respiration
Fish Respiration
Fishes take in water, extracting oxygen through gills from the water.
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Oxygen Inhalation in Animals
Oxygen Inhalation in Animals
Terrestrial animals inhale oxygen through specialized organs like lungs.
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Importance of Surface Area
Importance of Surface Area
Lungs and gills have large surface areas to facilitate gas exchange.
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Xylem
Xylem
Tissue in plants that transports water and minerals from roots to leaves.
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Phloem
Phloem
Tissue in plants that transports products of photosynthesis from leaves to other parts.
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Transpiration
Transpiration
The process of water vapor loss from plant leaves, aiding water movement.
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Root pressure
Root pressure
The pressure created in roots that helps push water upward in plants.
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Translocation
Translocation
The movement of soluble products of photosynthesis through the phloem.
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Companion cells
Companion cells
Cells adjacent to sieve tubes in phloem that assist in transport functions.
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Osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure
The pressure that drives water into the phloem by concentrating substances.
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Photosynthesis products
Photosynthesis products
Substances like glucose created in leaves and transported in phloem.
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Energy from ATP
Energy from ATP
Energy required for sucrose transfer into phloem, enhancing transport.
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Vascular tissue
Vascular tissue
Plant tissue system that includes xylem and phloem for transport.
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Kidneys
Kidneys
Organs in humans that filter blood and produce urine.
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Ureters
Ureters
Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
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Urinary bladder
Urinary bladder
Organ that stores urine until excretion.
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Nitrogenous wastes
Nitrogenous wastes
Harmful waste products like urea that need to be excreted.
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Bowman's Capsule
Bowman's Capsule
A cup-shaped structure in the kidney that collects filtrate from the blood.
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Nephrons
Nephrons
The basic functional units of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.
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Filtrate
Filtrate
A liquid containing waste and essential substances filtered from blood in the kidneys.
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Reabsorption
Reabsorption
The process in which the kidneys take back important substances from the filtrate.
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Kidney Failure
Kidney Failure
A condition where the kidneys can no longer filter waste effectively.
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Artificial Kidney
Artificial Kidney
A machine that removes waste products from the blood through dialysis in cases of kidney failure.
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Dialysis
Dialysis
A process that removes waste and excess substances from the blood when kidneys fail.
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Transpiration in Plants
Transpiration in Plants
The process by which plants release excess water vapor into the atmosphere.
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Cellular Vacuoles
Cellular Vacuoles
Storage organelles in plant cells for waste products and nutrients.
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Leaf Drop
Leaf Drop
A method used by plants to excrete waste by shedding leaves.
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Gums and Resins
Gums and Resins
Substances in plants that store waste, often in old tissues.
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Organ Donation
Organ Donation
The process of giving an organ to someone in need of a transplant.
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Distinguishing Living from Non-Living
- Visible movement, whether growth-related or not, is often seen as evidence of life.
- Movement at the molecular level is essential for life.
- Viruses, which exhibit no molecular movement until infecting a cell, are debated as to whether they are truly living.
Maintenance Processes in Living Organisms
- Living organisms are ordered structures, and this order needs constant maintenance to compensate for environmental effects that cause breakdown.
- Maintenance necessitates molecular movement.
- Life processes are the collective maintenance activities, happening even when the organism is inactive.
- Energy is needed for these processes, derived from external food sources.
- Food sources are primarily carbon-based and require processing and conversion into a uniform energy source.
- Oxidising/reducing reactions are common methods to break down molecules, often using oxygen sourced externally.
Life Processes: A Closer Look
- Nutrition: Intake and conversion of outside energy sources into useful forms for organism growth and maintenance. Autotrophs use inorganic sources (CO2, water) with sunlight. Heterotrophs consume organic matter, with carbon-based food being essential.
- Respiration: Organisms use various pathways to break down sugars, like glucose, for energy. Oxygen use allows greater energy release. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen.
- Transportation: Essential for bringing materials like food and oxygen to every cell, but also removes waste. Organisms with diverse body sizes have evolved various transportation systems according to their needs. In humans and other complex organisms, specialised organs are used.
- Excretion: Removal of harmful waste products from the body. Unicellular organisms use diffusion, while multicellular organisms use specialized organs.
Nutrition in Detail
- Autotrophic Nutrition: This is used by plants and some bacteria to use inorganic sources and sunlight for energy production. Photosynthesis, the process, involves absorbing light, splitting water molecules, and reducing carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates. Excess carbohydrates are stored as starch in plants, and as glycogen in animals.
- Heterotrophic Nutrition: Organisms that consume complex matter from other organisms. Fungi, animals, and many microorganisms use heterotrophic nutrition. They depend either directly or indirectly on autotrophs.
Respiration in More Detail
- Aerobic respiration breaks down glucose completely using oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water, resulting in high energy production.
- Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and generates less energy. Fermentation, a type of anaerobic respiration, produces ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeast during fermentation..
- Lactic acid build-up can cause muscle cramps.
- ATP is a critical energy currency, formed from ADP and phosphate, used for a great range of activities within the cell.
Transport in Humans and Plants
- Human Transport: Blood, a fluid connective tissue, transports food, oxygen, and waste. The heart pumps blood throughout the body. A double circulatory system is present in mammals/birds, allowing for highly efficient oxygen delivery, to better meet high energy demands.
- Plant Transport: Plants have xylem that transports water and minerals, and phloem that transports the products of photosynthesis.
Excretion Overview
- Human Excretion: Kidneys filter waste products from the blood. The filtrate then passes through tubules where useful materials are reabsorbed. Urine is stored in the urinary bladder and released through the urethra.
- Plant Excretion: Plants primarily use dead cells to retain wastes within their cells. Sometimes, wastes may be stored as gums, resins, or disposed through falling leaves into the soil.
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