Biology: Life vs Non-Living

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?

  • Killing bacteria in the mouth
  • Moistening food for easier swallowing
  • Breaking down fats (correct)
  • Digesting carbohydrates

What is the primary role of the stomach's muscular walls?

  • Secreting hydrochloric acid
  • Mixing food with digestive juices (correct)
  • Producing digestive enzymes
  • Absorbing nutrients from food

What substance does the liver produce to aid in the digestion of fats?

  • Pepsin
  • Trypsin
  • Bile (correct)
  • Amylase

What is the primary function of the small intestine?

<p>Complete digestion of food (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of villi in the small intestine?

<p>Increase surface area for absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the large intestine?

<p>Absorbing water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct statement about the digestive system?

<p>The stomach produces enzymes that digest carbohydrates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

<p>Creating an acidic environment for pepsin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mucus in the stomach?

<p>Protecting the stomach lining from acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the sphincter muscle at the exit of the stomach?

<p>It regulates the flow of food into the small intestine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the enzyme lipase?

<p>Breakdown of fats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption?

<p>Villi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way digested food is used by the body?

<p>Producing digestive enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dental plaque and how does it contribute to tooth decay?

<p>A sticky film of bacteria and food particles that traps acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the anal sphincter?

<p>Controlling the exit of waste material from the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the digestive system?

<p>The pancreas produces bile. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is respiration considered essential for the survival of most organisms?

<p>Respiration helps organisms release energy stored in food molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what form do plants store excess energy derived from photosynthesis?

<p>Starch (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a by-product of energy generation in living organisms?

<p>Oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

<p>Right atrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do multicellular organisms need a transportation system?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the separation of the right and left sides of the heart?

<p>To prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animals would have a three-chambered heart?

<p>Amphibian (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to food materials before they can be used for growth and maintenance in heterotrophic organisms?

<p>They are broken down into simpler substances. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of valves in the heart?

<p>To prevent backflow of blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an autotroph?

<p>Green algae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of arteries?

<p>Contain valves to prevent backflow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy for autotrophs?

<p>Sunlight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of capillaries in the circulatory system?

<p>To exchange materials between blood and tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes in the process of nutrition?

<p>Enzymes break down complex food molecules into simpler ones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the blood helps to plug leaks and clot blood at points of injury?

<p>Platelets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the body's cells receive energy from food?

<p>Through the process of respiration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lymph in the circulatory system?

<p>Carrying digested fat from the intestines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the excretory system in living organisms?

<p>To filter and remove waste products from the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a proper system of transportation essential in plants?

<p>To transport water and nutrients to all parts of the plant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are specialized tissues necessary for complex multicellular organisms?

<p>Specialized tissues perform specific functions, enabling efficient body processes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major source of raw materials for plants?

<p>Soil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following situations is diffusion likely to be sufficient for the transport of substances?

<p>A single-celled amoeba (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do plants have lower energy needs compared to animals?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition?

<p>Autotrophs use energy from the sun, while heterotrophs get energy from other organisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the pressure blood exerts against the walls of vessels?

<p>Blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is glycogen?

<p>A type of energy storage molecule found in animals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the instrument used to measure blood pressure?

<p>Sphygmomanometer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chlorophyll in plants?

<p>To capture sunlight for photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition called when blood pressure is consistently high?

<p>Hypertension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the process of excretion crucial for the survival of organisms?

<p>Excretion removes waste products that can be harmful if they accumulate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the xylem in plant transport systems?

<p>Transporting water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the circulatory system?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is responsible for pulling water up the xylem from the roots to the leaves?

<p>Transpiration pull (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the human excretory system?

<p>Liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the kidneys in the human excretory system?

<p>Filtering waste products from the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is responsible for transporting the products of photosynthesis in plants?

<p>Phloem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the movement of materials in phloem different from the movement in xylem?

<p>Phloem uses energy for transport, while xylem relies on passive forces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of waste products are removed from the blood by the kidneys?

<p>Nitrogenous wastes like urea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process by which the products of photosynthesis are moved throughout the plant?

<p>Translocation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driving force for the upward movement of water in plants during the daytime?

<p>Transpiration pull (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the tiny clusters of blood capillaries that act as the basic filtration units in the kidneys?

<p>Nephrons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the xylem tissue in plants?

<p>It transports the products of photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for mammals and birds to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

<p>To ensure efficient delivery of oxygen to the tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the acid in our stomach?

<p>Kill bacteria present in ingested food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of companion cells in phloem transport?

<p>They assist in loading sugars into the sieve tubes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most important driving force for the movement of water in the xylem during the night?

<p>Root pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During anaerobic respiration, glucose is broken down into which product?

<p>Ethanol and carbon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these organisms is most likely to have the fastest rate of breathing?

<p>A fish living in a deep ocean (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

<p>Ureter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of aerobic respiration over anaerobic respiration?

<p>Aerobic respiration produces more energy than anaerobic respiration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the kidneys located in the human body?

<p>Abdomen, on either side of the backbone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food?

<p>Through a series of folds and villi that increase the surface area for absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP in cellular processes?

<p>ATP provides the energy required for various cellular activities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During photosynthesis, where do plants obtain the carbon dioxide they need?

<p>From the air through their leaves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes muscle cramps during sudden physical activity?

<p>The buildup of lactic acid due to the breakdown of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the carbon dioxide produced during the respiration of plants?

<p>It is released into the atmosphere through stomata. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do digestive enzymes help in breaking down food?

<p>They speed up the chemical breakdown of large food molecules into smaller ones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do aquatic organisms need to breathe faster than terrestrial organisms?

<p>The amount of dissolved oxygen in water is much lower than in air. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a product of aerobic respiration?

<p>Ethanol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the respiratory system in animals?

<p>To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of energy for most cellular processes?

<p>ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of the large surface area of the small intestine?

<p>Improved elimination of waste products (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Bowman’s capsule in the kidneys?

<p>To collect the filtrate from blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substances are reabsorbed in the nephron during urine formation?

<p>Glucose and amino acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the body regulate the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys?

<p>Based on excess water and dissolved waste levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the process of dialysis using an artificial kidney?

<p>Waste products diffuse into dialysing fluid from blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated daily volume of initial filtrate produced by the kidneys in a healthy adult?

<p>180 liters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the urinary bladder play in the excretory system?

<p>Stores urine until eliminated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding plant excretion compared to animal excretion?

<p>Plants can lose whole parts to eliminate waste (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of respiration produces the most energy for living organisms?

<p>Aerobic respiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do the nephrons serve in the kidneys?

<p>Filtration and excretion of waste (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is most commonly associated with organ transplantation?

<p>Heart (A), Liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What waste product do plants generate during photosynthesis?

<p>Oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of xylem in plants?

<p>Transporting water and nutrients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of kidney failure?

<p>Accumulation of waste in the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is visible movement not enough to determine if something is alive?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason why molecular movement is essential for life?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is there controversy about whether viruses are truly alive?

<p>Viruses do not show any molecular movement on their own. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the organized nature of living structures break down over time?

<p>Living organisms are exposed to environmental factors that can cause damage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of life processes?

<p>To maintain the organized structure of living organisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a life process?

<p>Reproduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why life processes require energy?

<p>Energy is needed to maintain the organized structure of living organisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the information about the maintenance of living organisms reinforce the idea that life processes are essential?

<p>Living organisms must constantly repair and maintain their structures to stay alive. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for placing a leaf in boiling water before immersing it in alcohol during the starch test?

<p>To kill the leaf cells and prevent further chemical reactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of carbon dioxide absorption by plants?

<p>Opening of stomata. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of guard cells in plants?

<p>To regulate the exchange of gases between the plant and its environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the experiment with potassium hydroxide, why does the plant under the bell jar without potassium hydroxide show a greater presence of starch compared to the one with potassium hydroxide?

<p>Potassium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide, reducing the availability for photosynthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

<p>It absorbs light energy, converting it into chemical energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition?

<p>Autotrophs obtain food from the sun, while heterotrophs obtain food from other living organisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms is an example of a heterotrophic organism that breaks down food outside its body?

<p>Bread mold (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of parasitic nutrition?

<p>The parasite usually kills its host. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do single-celled organisms like Amoeba obtain nutrients?

<p>They absorb nutrients directly through their cell membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cilia in the nutrition of Paramoecium?

<p>Cilia help Paramoecium move towards food sources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the food vacuole in Amoeba?

<p>To break down food into simpler substances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process of heterotrophic nutrition in animals?

<p>Animals take in food and break it down inside their bodies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an organism that uses parasitic nutrition?

<p>Cuscuta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the alimentary canal in humans?

<p>Liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is NOT involved in the digestion of food in the human body?

<p>Photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the small intestine in the human digestive system?

<p>To absorb most of the digested nutrients into the bloodstream. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the alveoli in the human respiratory system?

<p>To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is smoking harmful to the lungs?

<p>Smoking can damage the cilia in the respiratory tract, making the lungs more vulnerable to infections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the body ensure that air does not collapse the air passage in the throat?

<p>The presence of rings of cartilage in the throat helps to keep the passage open. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of haemoglobin in the human body?

<p>To transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the body increases the volume of the chest cavity during inhalation?

<p>Contraction of the intercostal muscles and relaxation of the diaphragm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the alveolar surface area so large in human beings?

<p>To provide a greater surface area for gas exchange between the air and the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common effect of tobacco use?

<p>Improved blood circulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of having a residual volume of air in the lungs during the breathing cycle?

<p>It ensures that there is always a supply of oxygen in the lungs for absorption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of the pathway air travels through the human respiratory system?

<p>Nose, throat, lungs, alveoli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in human blood is true?

<p>Carbon dioxide is primarily transported dissolved in the plasma, while oxygen is carried by red blood cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the heart in the human circulatory system?

<p>To pump blood throughout the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the lungs work to remove carbon dioxide from the body?

<p>By releasing carbon dioxide into the air we exhale. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of the respiratory pigment haemoglobin makes it particularly well-suited for oxygen transport?

<p>Its ability to bind to oxygen and release it in tissues with low oxygen levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of diffusion alone being insufficient for oxygen delivery to all parts of a large animal's body?

<p>The animal develops a respiratory pigment like haemoglobin to aid in oxygen transport. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to prevent mixing of oxygen-rich blood and carbon dioxide-rich blood in the heart?

<p>To maintain the efficiency of oxygen delivery to the tissues and carbon dioxide removal from the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why the upper part of the respiratory tract is lined with cilia?

<p>To trap harmful particles and prevent them from entering the lungs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Criteria for Life

Characteristics used to determine if something is alive include movement, growth, and molecular activity.

Molecular Movement

The movement of molecules is essential for life processes even if not visibly observable.

Viruses Controversy

Viruses do not show molecular movement until they infect a host, raising debate about their status as living organisms.

Life Processes

Processes needed for maintaining life, including repair and energy use, occurring even during rest.

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Signs of Life

Common signs of life include detectable movement, growth, and color, but not all living things show them visibly.

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Organized Structures

Living organisms consist of well-organized structures at various levels, from molecules to tissues.

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Energy for Maintenance

Living organisms require energy to perform life processes and maintain their structures.

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Growth in Plants

Plants show evidence of life through growth, even if they have non-green leaves.

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Salivary Amylase

An enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch into simple sugars.

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Peristalsis

The rhythmic contraction of muscles in the digestive tract to move food.

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Gastric Glands

Glands in the stomach wall that secrete digestive juices including hydrochloric acid.

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Hydrochloric Acid

A strong acid in the stomach that aids in digestion and creates an acidic environment.

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Pepsin

A protein-digesting enzyme released by gastric glands in the stomach.

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Bile Juice

Digestive fluid produced by the liver that emulsifies fats in the small intestine.

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Villi

Tiny finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption.

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Pancreatic Juice

Fluid containing enzymes that assist in digesting proteins and fats in the small intestine.

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Intestinal Juice

Fluid secreted by small intestine glands that helps in digestion and nutrient absorption.

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Small Intestine

The longest part of the alimentary canal where complete digestion occurs.

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Alimentary Canal

The whole passage along which food passes through the body, including mouth and intestines.

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Oesophagus

The tube connecting the mouth to the stomach that carries food during swallowing.

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Dental Caries

Tooth decay caused by bacteria acting on sugars.

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Starch Reaction with Iodine

Iodine turns blue-black in presence of starch, indicating starch's presence.

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Respiration

The process of breathing and gas exchange in living organisms.

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Nostrils

The external openings of the respiratory system where air enters the body.

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Cilia

Hair-like structures in the upper respiratory tract that help remove harmful particles from air.

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Alveoli

Tiny balloon-like structures in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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Haemoglobin

A respiratory pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.

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Carbon Dioxide Transport

Carbon dioxide is mostly transported in blood in dissolved form.

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Filtering Mechanism

The process of filtering air through hairs and mucus as it enters the nostrils.

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Residual Volume

The air that remains in the lungs even after exhalation, ensuring constant gas exchange.

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Lung Structure

The network of tubes in the lungs that maximizes surface area for gas exchange.

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Effect of Tobacco

Use of tobacco products adversely affects major organs such as lungs and heart and increases cancer risks.

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Heart Chambers

Different sections of the heart that separate oxygen-rich and carbon dioxide-rich blood.

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Diffusion Pressure

The natural movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration for oxygen delivery in large animals.

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Pumping Organ

The heart, responsible for circulating blood throughout the body to transport oxygen and nutrients.

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Mucus Function

A lubricant and trap for dust and germs in the air passage that protects the lungs.

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Blood Plasma

The fluid medium in which blood cells are suspended, transporting substances like nutrients and waste.

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Oxygen Exchange Process

The process of oxygen being absorbed into the blood in the alveoli and carbon dioxide released.

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Nutrition

The process of transferring energy from food to an organism.

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Energy sources for organisms

External sources that provide energy, primarily carbon-based food.

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Single-celled organisms

Organisms that can absorb nutrients directly from the environment.

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Diffusion

The process of movement of substances from high to low concentration.

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Multi-cellular organisms

Organisms made of many cells that require specialized systems for functions.

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Transportation system

A system in organisms to transport food and oxygen to cells.

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Excretion

The process of removing waste products from the body.

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Autotrophs

Organisms that produce their own food using inorganic materials.

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Heterotrophs

Organisms that obtain food by consuming other living things.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which autotrophs convert sunlight into stored energy.

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Chlorophyll

The green pigment in plants that captures light energy for photosynthesis.

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Carbohydrates

Energy-rich compounds produced during photosynthesis for plants.

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Starch

A storage form of energy in plants derived from carbohydrates.

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Glycogen

A form of energy storage in animals, similar to starch in plants.

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Left Ventricle Function

Contracts to pump oxygenated blood to the body.

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Right Atrium

Upper chamber receiving deoxygenated blood from the body.

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Right Ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

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Atria vs Ventricles

Atria are upper chambers; ventricles are lower and thicker-walled.

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Heart Valve Function

Prevents backflow of blood during heart contractions.

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Double Circulation

Blood passes through the heart twice during each full cycle.

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Systolic Pressure

Pressure in arteries during ventricular contraction.

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Diastolic Pressure

Pressure in arteries during ventricular relaxation.

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Role of Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart under high pressure.

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Role of Veins

Return blood to the heart, equipped with valves.

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Capillaries

Smallest blood vessels where material exchange occurs.

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Platelets

Cells that help clot blood and minimize leakage.

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Lymph

Fluid similar to plasma, involved in tissue and nutrient transport.

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Plant Transportation

System for transporting nutrients and water through the plant.

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Roots Function

Absorb water and nutrients from the soil for the plant.

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Stomata

Tiny pores on the leaf surface that allow gas exchange.

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Guard Cells

Cells surrounding stomata that control their opening and closing.

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Iodine Test

A test used to detect the presence of starch in a substance.

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Carbon Dioxide Absorption

The process where plants take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.

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Photosynthesis Stages

Includes light absorption, water splitting, and carbon dioxide reduction.

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Terrestrial Plants

Plants that grow on land and obtain nutrients from soil.

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Heterotrophic Nutrition

Nutrition by obtaining food from other organisms.

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Fungi

Organisms that absorb nutrients by breaking down food outside their bodies.

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Amoeba

A single-celled organism that ingests food using pseudopodia.

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Autotrophic Nutrition

Nutrition where organisms produce their own food, usually through photosynthesis.

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Paramoecium

A unicellular organism that uses cilia for feeding.

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Photosynthesis Raw Materials

Plants obtain carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight for photosynthesis.

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Water Loss Regulation

The ability of plants to close stomata to prevent water loss.

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Role of Stomach Acid

Acid helps digest food and kill harmful bacteria in the stomach.

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Function of Digestive Enzymes

They break down food into smaller, absorbable molecules.

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Small Intestine Structure

Designed with folds and villi to maximize absorption of nutrients.

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Lime Water Test

A chemical test to indicate presence of carbon dioxide by turning cloudy.

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Anaerobic Respiration

Respiration that occurs without oxygen, producing ethanol and CO2.

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Aerobic Respiration

Respiration that requires oxygen to produce energy, CO2, and water.

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Pyruvate Conversion

Pyruvate can become ethanol or lactic acid depending on oxygen availability.

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ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of cells used for various activities.

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Gas Exchange in Plants

Carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged through stomata in plants.

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Fish Respiration

Fishes take in water, extracting oxygen through gills from the water.

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Oxygen Inhalation in Animals

Terrestrial animals inhale oxygen through specialized organs like lungs.

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Importance of Surface Area

Lungs and gills have large surface areas to facilitate gas exchange.

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Xylem

Tissue in plants that transports water and minerals from roots to leaves.

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Phloem

Tissue in plants that transports products of photosynthesis from leaves to other parts.

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Transpiration

The process of water vapor loss from plant leaves, aiding water movement.

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Root pressure

The pressure created in roots that helps push water upward in plants.

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Translocation

The movement of soluble products of photosynthesis through the phloem.

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Companion cells

Cells adjacent to sieve tubes in phloem that assist in transport functions.

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Osmotic pressure

The pressure that drives water into the phloem by concentrating substances.

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Photosynthesis products

Substances like glucose created in leaves and transported in phloem.

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Energy from ATP

Energy required for sucrose transfer into phloem, enhancing transport.

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Vascular tissue

Plant tissue system that includes xylem and phloem for transport.

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Kidneys

Organs in humans that filter blood and produce urine.

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Ureters

Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

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Urinary bladder

Organ that stores urine until excretion.

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Nitrogenous wastes

Harmful waste products like urea that need to be excreted.

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Bowman's Capsule

A cup-shaped structure in the kidney that collects filtrate from the blood.

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Nephrons

The basic functional units of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.

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Filtrate

A liquid containing waste and essential substances filtered from blood in the kidneys.

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Reabsorption

The process in which the kidneys take back important substances from the filtrate.

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Kidney Failure

A condition where the kidneys can no longer filter waste effectively.

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Artificial Kidney

A machine that removes waste products from the blood through dialysis in cases of kidney failure.

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Dialysis

A process that removes waste and excess substances from the blood when kidneys fail.

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Transpiration in Plants

The process by which plants release excess water vapor into the atmosphere.

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Cellular Vacuoles

Storage organelles in plant cells for waste products and nutrients.

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Leaf Drop

A method used by plants to excrete waste by shedding leaves.

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Gums and Resins

Substances in plants that store waste, often in old tissues.

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Organ Donation

The process of giving an organ to someone in need of a transplant.

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Study Notes

Distinguishing Living from Non-Living

  • Visible movement, whether growth-related or not, is often seen as evidence of life.
  • Movement at the molecular level is essential for life.
  • Viruses, which exhibit no molecular movement until infecting a cell, are debated as to whether they are truly living.

Maintenance Processes in Living Organisms

  • Living organisms are ordered structures, and this order needs constant maintenance to compensate for environmental effects that cause breakdown.
  • Maintenance necessitates molecular movement.
  • Life processes are the collective maintenance activities, happening even when the organism is inactive.
  • Energy is needed for these processes, derived from external food sources.
  • Food sources are primarily carbon-based and require processing and conversion into a uniform energy source.
  • Oxidising/reducing reactions are common methods to break down molecules, often using oxygen sourced externally.

Life Processes: A Closer Look

  • Nutrition: Intake and conversion of outside energy sources into useful forms for organism growth and maintenance. Autotrophs use inorganic sources (CO2, water) with sunlight. Heterotrophs consume organic matter, with carbon-based food being essential.
  • Respiration: Organisms use various pathways to break down sugars, like glucose, for energy. Oxygen use allows greater energy release. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen.
  • Transportation: Essential for bringing materials like food and oxygen to every cell, but also removes waste. Organisms with diverse body sizes have evolved various transportation systems according to their needs. In humans and other complex organisms, specialised organs are used.
  • Excretion: Removal of harmful waste products from the body. Unicellular organisms use diffusion, while multicellular organisms use specialized organs.

Nutrition in Detail

  • Autotrophic Nutrition: This is used by plants and some bacteria to use inorganic sources and sunlight for energy production. Photosynthesis, the process, involves absorbing light, splitting water molecules, and reducing carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates. Excess carbohydrates are stored as starch in plants, and as glycogen in animals.
  • Heterotrophic Nutrition: Organisms that consume complex matter from other organisms. Fungi, animals, and many microorganisms use heterotrophic nutrition. They depend either directly or indirectly on autotrophs.

Respiration in More Detail

  • Aerobic respiration breaks down glucose completely using oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water, resulting in high energy production.
  • Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and generates less energy. Fermentation, a type of anaerobic respiration, produces ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeast during fermentation..
  • Lactic acid build-up can cause muscle cramps.
  • ATP is a critical energy currency, formed from ADP and phosphate, used for a great range of activities within the cell.

Transport in Humans and Plants

  • Human Transport: Blood, a fluid connective tissue, transports food, oxygen, and waste. The heart pumps blood throughout the body. A double circulatory system is present in mammals/birds, allowing for highly efficient oxygen delivery, to better meet high energy demands.
  • Plant Transport: Plants have xylem that transports water and minerals, and phloem that transports the products of photosynthesis.

Excretion Overview

  • Human Excretion: Kidneys filter waste products from the blood. The filtrate then passes through tubules where useful materials are reabsorbed. Urine is stored in the urinary bladder and released through the urethra.
  • Plant Excretion: Plants primarily use dead cells to retain wastes within their cells. Sometimes, wastes may be stored as gums, resins, or disposed through falling leaves into the soil.

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