Biology Lecture 1: Principles of Inheritance

The process by which traits are passed from parents to offspring.

An outdated idea suggesting traits mix like paint, losing their original forms in offspring.

An early idea suggesting a complete miniature version of the offspring is present in the parent.

Reproduction without the fusion of gametes (sex cells).

Reproduction involving the fusion of gametes from two parents to produce genetically diverse offspring.

A specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, essential for sexual reproduction.

Differences in the genetic makeup among individuals of a species.

Rules governing the inheritance of traits discovered by Gregor Mendel, a pioneer in genetics.

Threadlike structures in the nucleus containing genes, responsible for carrying genetic information.

Chromosomes that determine an individual's sex.

Inheritance of traits determined by genes on sex chromosomes, often showing different patterns in males and females.

The process of creating identical copies of DNA molecules for cell division.

Processes that correct damaged DNA ensuring its integrity.

Instructions contained within genes translate into functional proteins, vital for all life processes.

The process of creating RNA molecules from a DNA template.

First scientific theory explaining heredity.

Foundation of genetics, studying inheritance through pea plants.

Austrian monk and scientist who studied inheritance patterns in pea plants.

Plant species used by Mendel to study inheritance patterns.

Plant organ for sexual reproduction, producing gametes (sex cells).

Plants that consistently produce offspring with the same traits when self-pollinated.

Obsolete theory suggesting traits blend, like mixing paint.

Series of controlled experiments on pea plants to study inheritance.

Characteristics passed from parents to offspring.

Variations of heritable features.

Units determining traits, often in pairs.

The trait physically seen when two contrasting factors are present.

The less prominent trait masked by a dominant trait.

The observable characteristics of an organism.

The genetic makeup; the combination of factors responsible for a trait.

The chance of an event occurring

The probability of independent events occurring together is the product of their individual probabilities.

A tool used to predict the possible genotypes of offspring in a genetic cross.

Determining the expected ratios of genotypes and phenotypes based on the Punnett Square.

The separation of alleles during gamete formation.

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.

Having two different alleles for a particular gene.

The genetic makeup of an organism.

The physical trait resulting from a genotype.

A genetic disorder needing two copies of a faulty gene (one from each parent) to appear.

A genetic disorder causing reduced hemoglobin production

A homozygous dominant genotype for two traits.

A heterozygous genotype for two traits.

A genetic cross involving one trait.

A genotype with one dominant and one recessive allele.

Gametes (sex cells) that originate from the parents in a genetic cross.

The principle that alleles for different traits separate independently during gamete formation.

A grid used to predict the possible genotypes of offspring from a genetic cross.

The genetic makeup of an organism.

The observable characteristics of an organism.

Process of creating sex cells (gametes) by meiosis.

An allele that expresses its trait even when paired with a different allele.

The observable characteristic or trait of an organism.

Different forms of a gene.

A genetic cross used to determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype.

During gamete formation, paired factors (alleles) separate, passing only one factor to each gamete.

Alleles for different traits separate independently during gamete formation.

Having identical alleles for a particular gene.

Having two different alleles for a particular gene.

Having two sets of chromosomes (and therefore alleles) in each cell.

A sex cell containing half the number of chromosomes as a body cell.

Having one set of chromosomes (and therefore alleles).

Genetic cross focusing on inheritance of one trait.

Grid used to predict possible genotypes of offspring in a genetic cross.

Pairing of parents for examining their traits for offspring.