Biology: Importance of Water
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Questions and Answers

Who built the first engineered oil well?

  • A politician
  • An engineer
  • Edwin Drake (correct)
  • A geologist
  • Why is the documentation and calculation of underground oil and gas reserves important?

  • For economic grounds only
  • For environmental grounds only
  • For scientific research purposes
  • For political and environmental grounds (correct)
  • What is the main challenge in the production and exploitation of fossil fuels?

  • Exploration and discovery of new reserves
  • Development of new drilling technologies
  • Extraction, production, and distribution processes (correct)
  • Calculation of underground oil and gas reserves
  • What is the purpose of hydraulic fracturing?

    <p>To extract fossil fuels that would otherwise be trapped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involved in the fracking process?

    <p>Vertical and horizontal drilling, and the use of fracking fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of fracking fluid?

    <p>To crack the rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are fossil fuels a nonrenewable resource?

    <p>Because they cannot be replenished quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of fossil fuels?

    <p>Transportation, heating, manufacturing, and food to petrochemical industries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common source of fossil fuel that is extracted via fracking?

    <p>Shale gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that occurs in stars like the Sun?

    <p>Fusion reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation that shows the relationship between energy and mass?

    <p>E = mc^2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of a typical fusion reaction?

    <p>Helium atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of solar panels?

    <p>To convert sunlight into electrical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of biomass energy?

    <p>Reduced dependence on imported oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of burning biomass with fossil fuels to reduce the amount of fossil fuel needed in power plants?

    <p>Co-firing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a process that converts biomass feedstocks into fuel components?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is biomass energy?

    <p>A renewable and sustainable energy source when managed responsibly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hydroelectric power?

    <p>The kinetic energy naturally produced when water flows from high elevation to low elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of hydroelectric power?

    <p>It disrupts ecosystems by changing water temperatures and disrupting the natural flow of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is geothermal energy?

    <p>The heat energy generated by radioactive decay beneath the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of tidal energy?

    <p>It is a renewable and inexhaustible source of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of tidal energy?

    <p>It can be detrimental to marine life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of geothermal power plant?

    <p>Dry steam plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of geothermal energy?

    <p>It is a clean and renewable energy source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the human body is made up of water?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula for water?

    <p>H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why water is a universal solvent?

    <p>Its polarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the mutual attraction between like molecules?

    <p>Cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do aquifers take a long time to recharge?

    <p>Because of the low rate of water infiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of excessive irrigation?

    <p>Salinized soils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of salt dissolved in water?

    <p>Salinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cold, salty ocean water denser than warm, fresh water?

    <p>Because of its higher salinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region called where the saturated and unsaturated zones meet?

    <p>Water table</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sediment in the formation of sedimentary rock?

    <p>It acts as a cement, gluing sediments together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen when groundwater is removed from an aquifer?

    <p>The ground sinks down to fill the empty space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can form when groundwater dissolves rock underground?

    <p>Caves and caverns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of aquifers?

    <p>To store underground water reservoirs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen to groundwater when it comes into contact with near-surface magma?

    <p>It gets heated up and turns into steam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the unsaturated zone?

    <p>It contains soil moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the holes that can form when the ground sinks down to fill the empty space created by removing groundwater?

    <p>Funnel-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of documenting and calculating underground oil and gas reserves?

    <p>To establish the commercial viability of extracting fossil fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of hydraulic fracturing?

    <p>It allows for the extraction of dispersed fossil fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of fracking fluid?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of fossil fuels today?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary material used to fortify the well in the fracking process?

    <p>Steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key challenge in the extraction, production, and distribution of fossil fuels?

    <p>Political and economic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of plastic balls in the fracking process?

    <p>To crack the rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are fossil fuels considered a nonrenewable resource?

    <p>Because they take millions of years to form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why water is able to travel from the roots of a plant to its leaves?

    <p>The cohesive nature of water due to its ability to form hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the depletion of groundwater sources?

    <p>Changes in the landscape, such as subsidence and sinkholes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of irrigation?

    <p>To support agriculture and crop growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of ocean water that makes it denser than freshwater?

    <p>Its high salinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of water's high heat capacity?

    <p>It helps regulate the temperature of coastal areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of water breaking chemical bonds?

    <p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of hydroelectric power?

    <p>It is a clean energy source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the majority of Earth's liquid freshwater found in?

    <p>Groundwater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of geothermal energy?

    <p>It is restricted to areas near tectonic plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why tidal energy plants are not widely used?

    <p>The high upfront costs and lack of suitable locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of tidal energy?

    <p>It is a predictable source of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of fish ladders in hydroelectric power plants?

    <p>To allow for migrating fish to jump upstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of harnessing heat energy generated by radioactive decay beneath the Earth's surface?

    <p>Geothermal energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of fracking in the extraction of fossil fuels?

    <p>To break the rock further and create fissures for oil and gas to flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of rock that shale gas is trapped within?

    <p>Shale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of geothermal power plant that conserves water by using heated water to heat a different liquid and produce steam?

    <p>Binary cycle plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of electricity generated by hydroelectric power in the country?

    <p>7.3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the mass defect in nuclear fusion reactions?

    <p>A large amount of energy is released</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of biomass energy?

    <p>It consumes arable land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of solar energy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of co-firing biomass energy with fossil fuels in power plants?

    <p>It reduces the amount of fossil fuel needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of biomass energy?

    <p>It is a renewable and sustainable fuel source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the environmental drawback of fracking?

    <p>It consumes large amounts of water and uses chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between energy and mass in nuclear reactions?

    <p>It takes a small amount of mass to generate a large amount of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the saturated and unsaturated zones?

    <p>The saturated zone is saturated with water, while the unsaturated zone is not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do aquifers act like?

    <p>Giant rock sponges underground.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of groundwater moving underground and carrying sediment with it?

    <p>The formation of sedimentary rocks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen to groundwater when it comes into contact with near-surface magma?

    <p>It gets heated up and pushes out steam.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the open spaces that can form when groundwater dissolves rock underground?

    <p>Caves and caverns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of removing groundwater from an aquifer?

    <p>The ground sinks down to fill the empty space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of sedimentary rock?

    <p>It is formed from the cementing of sediments together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of groundwater in the formation of land formations on Earth?

    <p>It plays a key role in shaping the land through its movements and interactions with rock and sediment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fossil Fuels

    • Fossil fuels are the world's biggest energy resource, and their production and exploitation depend on various integrated factors of politics and economy.
    • The documentation and calculation of underground oil and gas reserves are very important for governments' and oil companies' political and environmental grounds.
    • There are still billions of unrecovered barrels of oil and gas reserves, but challenges in the extraction, production, and distribution processes are real.

    Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)

    • Fracking is a process that extracts highly dispersed natural gas and oil by drilling vertically and horizontally through the bedrock.
    • The fracking process involves drilling a well, fortifying it with steel, and pumping fracking fluid (a mixture of water, sand, and chemicals) to break the rock and release fossil fuels.
    • Two types of fossil fuels commonly extracted from fracking are oil and natural gas, which are made from the decomposed and chemically transformed remains of ancient plants and animals.
    • Shale gas is a common source of fossil fuel extracted via fracking, and it is natural gas trapped within shale rock.

    Nuclear Energy

    • Nuclear energy is released from the nucleus of atoms through fission or fusion reactions.
    • In nuclear power plants, energy is released through fission reactions when large atoms are split apart.
    • The relationship between energy and mass is represented by Einstein's equation, E = mc², showing that a small amount of mass can generate a large amount of energy.
    • In a typical fission reaction, large uranium atoms are bombarded with excess energy and particles, causing the uranium nucleus to break apart and release a massive amount of energy.

    Solar Energy

    • Solar energy is energy from the sun that can be converted into thermal or electrical energy.
    • Solar energy is collected, stored, and converted to usable energy through photovoltaic panels or solar ponds.
    • Solar energy can be used for heating, cooling, ventilation, transportation, cooking, water treatment, and agriculture.
    • Solar energy is renewable, available, and clean, but it is also expensive, difficult to store, and dependent on weather conditions.

    Biomass Energy

    • Biomass energy is a renewable and sustainable fuel source derived from recently-living organic materials.
    • Common sources of biomass energy include wood, animal waste, algae, wood processing waste, and energy crops like corn and soybeans.
    • Biomass energy can be converted into biofuels and fuel components through processes like burning, pyrolysis, gasification, and fermentation.
    • Benefits of biomass energy include reducing greenhouse gases, decreasing dependence on imported oil, and being renewable and sustainable when managed responsibly.
    • Drawbacks of biomass energy include high initial costs, consumption of arable land, and difficulty in storage and transportation.

    Hydropower

    • Hydropower is the kinetic energy naturally produced when water flows from areas of high elevation to areas of low elevation.
    • Humans use this kinetic energy to produce electricity through hydroelectric power plants.
    • Hydroelectric power is a clean and renewable energy source, but it can disrupt ecosystems by changing water temperatures and disrupting the natural flow of water.
    • Efforts have been made to remedy these issues, such as the invention and use of fish ladders.

    Geothermal Energy

    • Geothermal energy is heat energy generated by radioactive decay beneath the Earth's surface.
    • There are several types of geothermal power plants, including dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle plants.
    • Geothermal heat pumps can be used to heat and cool buildings.
    • Pros of geothermal energy include low operating costs, being a renewable source, and significantly cleaner than fossil fuels.
    • Cons of geothermal energy include high initial costs, restricted locations, and potential environmental hazards.

    Tidal Energy

    • Tidal energy uses the power of the ocean's tides to produce energy.
    • There are multiple ways to produce tidal energy, including tidal turbines, tidal barrages, and tidal lagoons.
    • Pros of tidal energy include being a predictable, inexhaustible, clean, and cheap source of energy.
    • Cons of tidal energy include being detrimental to marine life, high upfront costs, limited suitable locations, and intermittent nature.

    Water

    • Water is a vital substance that makes life possible on Earth.
    • The human body is made up of 60% water.
    • Water regulates the body's temperature through evaporative cooling.
    • Water's cohesive nature allows it to travel through capillary action.
    • Water's unique properties include its polarity, high heat capacity, and ability to break chemical bonds through hydrolysis.

    Groundwater and Surface Water

    • We use water from both groundwater and surface water sources.
    • Groundwater is found in aquifers, which are underground water reservoirs that take a long time to recharge.
    • Surface water can be overdrawn, causing streams, lakes, and rivers to dry up or fall short of their original levels.
    • Irrigation is a major use of water, but it can deplete water supplies and create salinized soils.

    Ocean Water

    • Ocean water has a high salinity and contains chemicals like magnesium, sulfate, calcium, and potassium.
    • Ocean water has a high heat capacity, and its freezing point is lower than that of freshwater due to its higher salinity.
    • Ocean water density depends on its temperature and salinity, with cold, salty water being denser and sinking to the bottom.
    • Groundwater plays an important role in the water cycle, natural ecosystems, and land formations on Earth.

    Fossil Fuels

    • Fossil fuels are the world's biggest energy resource, and their production and exploitation depend on various integrated factors of politics and economy.
    • The documentation and calculation of underground oil and gas reserves are very important for governments' and oil companies' political and environmental grounds.
    • There are still billions of unrecovered barrels of oil and gas reserves, but challenges in the extraction, production, and distribution processes are real.

    Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)

    • Fracking is a process that extracts highly dispersed natural gas and oil by drilling vertically and horizontally through the bedrock.
    • The fracking process involves drilling a well, fortifying it with steel, and pumping fracking fluid (a mixture of water, sand, and chemicals) to break the rock and release fossil fuels.
    • Two types of fossil fuels commonly extracted from fracking are oil and natural gas, which are made from the decomposed and chemically transformed remains of ancient plants and animals.
    • Shale gas is a common source of fossil fuel extracted via fracking, and it is natural gas trapped within shale rock.

    Nuclear Energy

    • Nuclear energy is released from the nucleus of atoms through fission or fusion reactions.
    • In nuclear power plants, energy is released through fission reactions when large atoms are split apart.
    • The relationship between energy and mass is represented by Einstein's equation, E = mc², showing that a small amount of mass can generate a large amount of energy.
    • In a typical fission reaction, large uranium atoms are bombarded with excess energy and particles, causing the uranium nucleus to break apart and release a massive amount of energy.

    Solar Energy

    • Solar energy is energy from the sun that can be converted into thermal or electrical energy.
    • Solar energy is collected, stored, and converted to usable energy through photovoltaic panels or solar ponds.
    • Solar energy can be used for heating, cooling, ventilation, transportation, cooking, water treatment, and agriculture.
    • Solar energy is renewable, available, and clean, but it is also expensive, difficult to store, and dependent on weather conditions.

    Biomass Energy

    • Biomass energy is a renewable and sustainable fuel source derived from recently-living organic materials.
    • Common sources of biomass energy include wood, animal waste, algae, wood processing waste, and energy crops like corn and soybeans.
    • Biomass energy can be converted into biofuels and fuel components through processes like burning, pyrolysis, gasification, and fermentation.
    • Benefits of biomass energy include reducing greenhouse gases, decreasing dependence on imported oil, and being renewable and sustainable when managed responsibly.
    • Drawbacks of biomass energy include high initial costs, consumption of arable land, and difficulty in storage and transportation.

    Hydropower

    • Hydropower is the kinetic energy naturally produced when water flows from areas of high elevation to areas of low elevation.
    • Humans use this kinetic energy to produce electricity through hydroelectric power plants.
    • Hydroelectric power is a clean and renewable energy source, but it can disrupt ecosystems by changing water temperatures and disrupting the natural flow of water.
    • Efforts have been made to remedy these issues, such as the invention and use of fish ladders.

    Geothermal Energy

    • Geothermal energy is heat energy generated by radioactive decay beneath the Earth's surface.
    • There are several types of geothermal power plants, including dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle plants.
    • Geothermal heat pumps can be used to heat and cool buildings.
    • Pros of geothermal energy include low operating costs, being a renewable source, and significantly cleaner than fossil fuels.
    • Cons of geothermal energy include high initial costs, restricted locations, and potential environmental hazards.

    Tidal Energy

    • Tidal energy uses the power of the ocean's tides to produce energy.
    • There are multiple ways to produce tidal energy, including tidal turbines, tidal barrages, and tidal lagoons.
    • Pros of tidal energy include being a predictable, inexhaustible, clean, and cheap source of energy.
    • Cons of tidal energy include being detrimental to marine life, high upfront costs, limited suitable locations, and intermittent nature.

    Water

    • Water is a vital substance that makes life possible on Earth.
    • The human body is made up of 60% water.
    • Water regulates the body's temperature through evaporative cooling.
    • Water's cohesive nature allows it to travel through capillary action.
    • Water's unique properties include its polarity, high heat capacity, and ability to break chemical bonds through hydrolysis.

    Groundwater and Surface Water

    • We use water from both groundwater and surface water sources.
    • Groundwater is found in aquifers, which are underground water reservoirs that take a long time to recharge.
    • Surface water can be overdrawn, causing streams, lakes, and rivers to dry up or fall short of their original levels.
    • Irrigation is a major use of water, but it can deplete water supplies and create salinized soils.

    Ocean Water

    • Ocean water has a high salinity and contains chemicals like magnesium, sulfate, calcium, and potassium.
    • Ocean water has a high heat capacity, and its freezing point is lower than that of freshwater due to its higher salinity.
    • Ocean water density depends on its temperature and salinity, with cold, salty water being denser and sinking to the bottom.
    • Groundwater plays an important role in the water cycle, natural ecosystems, and land formations on Earth.

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    Description

    Learn about the importance of water, its composition, and its role in the human body and plant growth. Understand how water regulates temperature and enables transportation through capillary action.

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