Podcast
Questions and Answers
Match each term on the left with its appropriate action:
Match each term on the left with its appropriate action:
Stimulus = Low thyroid hormone levels are detected Target cells = TSH and Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) Hormones = Thyroid hormone levels increase Response = Thyroid gland and body cells
Antibodies mistakenly bind to cells of the thyroid gland and the thyroid releases T3 and T4. Even though the hormones function within the negative feedback loop, thyroid hormones continue to be released into the blood. This disease is called:
Antibodies mistakenly bind to cells of the thyroid gland and the thyroid releases T3 and T4. Even though the hormones function within the negative feedback loop, thyroid hormones continue to be released into the blood. This disease is called:
What part (if any) of the negative feedback loop is not functioning properly during Grave’s disease?
What part (if any) of the negative feedback loop is not functioning properly during Grave’s disease?
overproduction of thyroid hormone, excess hormone
A ______ results when the thyroid gland is enlarged, often making it difficult to swallow.
A ______ results when the thyroid gland is enlarged, often making it difficult to swallow.
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Each of the following are symptoms of Grave’s disease except:
Each of the following are symptoms of Grave’s disease except:
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The ______ excretes releasing hormones which bind to receptors of the ______.
The ______ excretes releasing hormones which bind to receptors of the ______.
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The binding of a ligand to receptor can cause the following (select all that apply):
The binding of a ligand to receptor can cause the following (select all that apply):
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The binding of epinephrine to a hepatocyte has an end result of:
The binding of epinephrine to a hepatocyte has an end result of:
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Autocrine and paracrine signaling are associated with each of the following ligands except:
Autocrine and paracrine signaling are associated with each of the following ligands except:
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Neurotransmitters that increase the electrical threshold of the post-synaptic cell are classified as.
Neurotransmitters that increase the electrical threshold of the post-synaptic cell are classified as.
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Explain the missing event in the following neurotransmitter signaling paragraph.
Explain the missing event in the following neurotransmitter signaling paragraph.
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What ion flows into the pre-synaptic cell causing the release of neurotransmitter from vesicles?
What ion flows into the pre-synaptic cell causing the release of neurotransmitter from vesicles?
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The key difference among the classes of neurotransmitters and neurohormones is:
The key difference among the classes of neurotransmitters and neurohormones is:
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Match each term with the correct definition:
Match each term with the correct definition:
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Identify the type of signaling shown in the figure:
Identify the type of signaling shown in the figure:
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Intracellular signaling is a type of cellular communication that occurs among two or more cells.
Intracellular signaling is a type of cellular communication that occurs among two or more cells.
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Endocrine function for regulatory processes include each of the following except:
Endocrine function for regulatory processes include each of the following except:
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In signaling, the ligand is not transported through the blood, but is transported by diffusion into local tissue spaces.
In signaling, the ligand is not transported through the blood, but is transported by diffusion into local tissue spaces.
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During autocrine signaling, the ligand is transported through the blood, and then the same cell responds to the ligand it had secreted.
During autocrine signaling, the ligand is transported through the blood, and then the same cell responds to the ligand it had secreted.
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_____ cells are the secreting cell-type during synaptic signaling.
_____ cells are the secreting cell-type during synaptic signaling.
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_______ signaling is characterized by ligands, manufactured and stored within neurons, being transported through the blood to reach the target cell.
_______ signaling is characterized by ligands, manufactured and stored within neurons, being transported through the blood to reach the target cell.
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_______ are ligands that are released into the external environment by animals who are attempting to attract a mate or claim territory.
_______ are ligands that are released into the external environment by animals who are attempting to attract a mate or claim territory.
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Generally, receptors for polypeptide ligands are located in the plasma membrane, and amine ligands bind to receptors inside of the cell.
Generally, receptors for polypeptide ligands are located in the plasma membrane, and amine ligands bind to receptors inside of the cell.
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Water soluble hormones, composed of short chains of amino acids that bind to extracellular receptors of target cells, are of which class?
Water soluble hormones, composed of short chains of amino acids that bind to extracellular receptors of target cells, are of which class?
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Amine hormones may be either water or lipid soluble and share characteristics of both polypeptide and steroid classes of hormones.
Amine hormones may be either water or lipid soluble and share characteristics of both polypeptide and steroid classes of hormones.
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_______ hormones are a class that is characterized as non-polar, lipid soluble ligands that bind to intracellular receptors of target cells.
_______ hormones are a class that is characterized as non-polar, lipid soluble ligands that bind to intracellular receptors of target cells.
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Fill in the blank: The endocrine system excretes releasing hormones which bind to receptors of the ____. Your Answer:
Fill in the blank: The endocrine system excretes releasing hormones which bind to receptors of the ____. Your Answer:
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Fill in the blank: Endocrine glands secrete their hormones into a/the ____ while exocrine organs secrete their products into a/the ____. Your Answer:
Fill in the blank: Endocrine glands secrete their hormones into a/the ____ while exocrine organs secrete their products into a/the ____. Your Answer:
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Identify the organs or glands numbered in the figure below.
Identify the organs or glands numbered in the figure below.
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Structurally, neurohormones can be:
Structurally, neurohormones can be:
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The hypothalamus uses ____ signaling to communicate with the ____. Correct!
The hypothalamus uses ____ signaling to communicate with the ____. Correct!
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Fill in the blanks: The anterior pituitary is the ____, and the posterior pituitary is the ____. Your Answer:
Fill in the blanks: The anterior pituitary is the ____, and the posterior pituitary is the ____. Your Answer:
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Each of the following are components of a simple endocrine pathway except:
Each of the following are components of a simple endocrine pathway except:
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Match the roles (hormone, stimulus, target, or response) of each component during a positive feedback loop:
Match the roles (hormone, stimulus, target, or response) of each component during a positive feedback loop:
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What term describes the cascade of events that occurs from the hypothalamus to specific endocrine glands where hormones are released? Correct!
What term describes the cascade of events that occurs from the hypothalamus to specific endocrine glands where hormones are released? Correct!
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True or False: The hormones involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary pathway are non-tropic in nature.
True or False: The hormones involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary pathway are non-tropic in nature.
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Study Notes
Signaling Types
- Endocrine signaling: long distance type; ligand is transported through the blood
- Paracrine signaling: local type; ligand travels short distance
- Autocrine signaling: local type; cell releases and responds to the ligand
- Synaptic signaling: local type; ligand (usually a neurotransmitter) is released by one neuron and binds to receptors on adjacent neurons
- Neuroendocrine signaling: long distance type; ligand is transported through the blood
Endocrine Function
- Regulatory processes include:
- Blood pressure
- Blood volume
- Energy metabolism
- Growth
- Sexual reproduction
- Does not include vision
Ligand Transportation
- Paracrine signaling: ligand is not transported through the blood, but is transported by diffusion into local tissue spaces
- Autocrine signaling: ligand is not transported through the blood, but is released and binds to the same cell
- Neuroendocrine signaling: ligand is transported through the blood to reach the target cell
Cell Signaling
- Autocrine signaling: the ligand is released and binds to the same cell
- Paracrine signaling: the ligand is released by one cell and binds to receptors on adjacent cells
- Synaptic signaling: the ligand is released by one neuron and binds to receptors on adjacent neurons
Hormone Types
- Polypeptide hormones: water soluble, composed of short chains of amino acids, bind to extracellular receptors of target cells
- Amine hormones: may be either water or lipid soluble, share characteristics of both polypeptide and steroid hormones
- Steroid hormones: non-polar, lipid soluble, bind to intracellular receptors of target cells
Ligand Binding
- G-protein coupled receptors: bind to polypeptide and amine hormones
- Hydrophilic ligands: bind to cell surface receptors
- Hydrophobic ligands: bind to intracellular receptors
Signal Transduction Pathway
- Epinephrine signaling in hepatocytes:
- Epinephrine travels through the blood
- Epinephrine binds to a G-protein coupled receptor
- Adenylyl cyclase is activated
- cAMP is activated
- cAMP activates protein kinase A
- Protein kinase A inhibits glycogen synthase, promoting glycogen breakdown### Neurotransmitters and Neurohormones
- Neurotransmitters that increase the electrical threshold of the post-synaptic cell are classified as inhibitory neurotransmitters.
- Neurotransmitter ligand binds to extracellular ion-gated ligand channels on the postsynaptic cell.
- Calcium flows into the cell, causing the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
- Calcium ions flow into the pre-synaptic cell, causing the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles.
- Signaling range is the key difference among the classes of neurotransmitters and neurohormones.
Endocrine System
- Endocrine glands secrete their hormones into the bloodstream, while exocrine organs secrete their products into a duct system.
- The anterior pituitary is the adenohypophysis, and the posterior pituitary is the neurohypophysis.
- The hypothalamus uses local signaling to communicate with the pituitary.
- Stimulus, endocrine cell, hormone, and target cell or tissue are components of a simple endocrine pathway.
- Oxytocin is a hormone, milk release is a response, suckling is a stimulus, and smooth muscle of mammary glands are target cells.
Thyroid Hormone Regulation
- Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) causes the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
- TSH stimulates the thyroid to release T3 and T4 hormones.
- Thyroid hormone levels increase, and then thyroid hormones block the release of TRH and TSH.
- Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is the negative feedback loop regulating thyroid hormone levels.
Grave's Disease
- Grave's disease is caused by antibodies mistakenly binding to cells of the thyroid gland, leading to the release of T3 and T4 hormones, despite negative feedback.
- The negative feedback loop is not functioning properly, leading to excess thyroid hormone production and Grave's disease.
Note: The notes are organized by topic and use concise bullet points to highlight key facts and concepts.### Thyroid-Related Issues
- Goiter is a condition where the thyroid gland is enlarged, often making it difficult to swallow.
- Antibodies competitively bind to thyroid tissue, causing the release of thyroid hormone into the blood.
Grave's Disease Symptoms
- Weight loss is a symptom of Grave's disease.
- Other symptoms of Grave's disease include:
- Rapid heartbeat
- Muscle atrophy
- Diarrhea
- Goiter
- Exophthalmia
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This quiz covers essential biology II with lab, requiring Respondus LockDown Browser. It's a comprehensive exam for biology students.
