Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which grade of sperm motility is characterized by fast, straight-line movement?
Which grade of sperm motility is characterized by fast, straight-line movement?
- Grade D (immotile)
- Grade C (non-progressive)
- Grade B (slow progressive)
- Grade A (fast progressive) (correct)
What is the primary function of the conducting zone in the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of the conducting zone in the respiratory system?
- Includes bronchioles and alveoli
- Transports oxygen to the blood
- Site of gas exchange
- Moving air into and out of the lungs (correct)
Which of the following is NOT a major function of the respiratory system?
Which of the following is NOT a major function of the respiratory system?
- Aid in digestion (correct)
- Supply the body with oxygen
- Dispose of carbon dioxide
- Transport gases between lungs and tissues
What characterizes a normal sperm morphology?
What characterizes a normal sperm morphology?
Which process in respiration involves gas exchange between the lungs and the blood?
Which process in respiration involves gas exchange between the lungs and the blood?
What is the primary role of serotonin released from platelets during injury?
What is the primary role of serotonin released from platelets during injury?
What occurs during syneresis in the clotting mechanism?
What occurs during syneresis in the clotting mechanism?
What happens when an Rh-negative individual is exposed to Rh-positive blood?
What happens when an Rh-negative individual is exposed to Rh-positive blood?
What is a potential consequence for an Rh-negative mother with an Rh-positive fetus in subsequent pregnancies?
What is a potential consequence for an Rh-negative mother with an Rh-positive fetus in subsequent pregnancies?
How does blood typing determine compatibility between donors and recipients?
How does blood typing determine compatibility between donors and recipients?
Which of the following describes thrombosis?
Which of the following describes thrombosis?
What is the immediate effect of platelets getting enmeshed in fibrin during clot formation?
What is the immediate effect of platelets getting enmeshed in fibrin during clot formation?
Which statement correctly describes infarction?
Which statement correctly describes infarction?
What is the average RBC count for males in million per cubic millimeter?
What is the average RBC count for males in million per cubic millimeter?
Which protein is primarily responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells?
Which protein is primarily responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells?
What is the life span of a red blood cell?
What is the life span of a red blood cell?
Where does erythropoiesis primarily occur?
Where does erythropoiesis primarily occur?
What is the shape of a red blood cell?
What is the shape of a red blood cell?
Which interferons are commonly used as therapeutics for certain conditions?
Which interferons are commonly used as therapeutics for certain conditions?
What stimulates the production of erythropoietin (EPO) in the kidneys?
What stimulates the production of erythropoietin (EPO) in the kidneys?
What is a potential side effect of interferon therapy?
What is a potential side effect of interferon therapy?
Which of the following statements about old red blood cells is true?
Which of the following statements about old red blood cells is true?
What happens to hemoglobin when blood reaches the alveoli in the lungs?
What happens to hemoglobin when blood reaches the alveoli in the lungs?
What role do pyrogens play in the body's immune response?
What role do pyrogens play in the body's immune response?
What type of immunity is characterized by being antigen-specific and systemic?
What type of immunity is characterized by being antigen-specific and systemic?
Which of the following substances can provoke an immune response as an antigen?
Which of the following substances can provoke an immune response as an antigen?
What is a common symptom of an allergic reaction?
What is a common symptom of an allergic reaction?
How do haptens influence the immune response?
How do haptens influence the immune response?
Why may an organ transplant from one person to another trigger an immune response?
Why may an organ transplant from one person to another trigger an immune response?
What is the primary function of the skin in the nonspecific defense system?
What is the primary function of the skin in the nonspecific defense system?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the inflammatory response?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the inflammatory response?
What do phagocytes do in the immune response?
What do phagocytes do in the immune response?
How do natural killer cells contribute to the immune response?
How do natural killer cells contribute to the immune response?
What role does hydrochloric acid play in the stomach mucosa?
What role does hydrochloric acid play in the stomach mucosa?
What is the purpose of complement proteins in the immune response?
What is the purpose of complement proteins in the immune response?
Which of the following is a mechanism of the first line of defense?
Which of the following is a mechanism of the first line of defense?
What is the main function of interferon in the immune response?
What is the main function of interferon in the immune response?
What do the four cardinal signs of inflammation signify?
What do the four cardinal signs of inflammation signify?
What type of cells are involved in the inflammatory response?
What type of cells are involved in the inflammatory response?
What is the primary function of hepatocytes in the liver?
What is the primary function of hepatocytes in the liver?
Which structure separates the right and left lobes of the liver?
Which structure separates the right and left lobes of the liver?
What is the function of the gallbladder?
What is the function of the gallbladder?
What does the hepatic portal vein carry to the liver?
What does the hepatic portal vein carry to the liver?
What are liver sinusoids?
What are liver sinusoids?
Which region is NOT part of the large intestine?
Which region is NOT part of the large intestine?
What connects the liver to the diaphragm and the anterior abdominal wall?
What connects the liver to the diaphragm and the anterior abdominal wall?
What distinguishes the hepatic flexure and splenic flexure in the colon?
What distinguishes the hepatic flexure and splenic flexure in the colon?
What is a peptic ulcer?
What is a peptic ulcer?
Which statement about the bile ducts is true?
Which statement about the bile ducts is true?
Flashcards
Red Blood Cell (RBC)
Red Blood Cell (RBC)
A biconcave disc-shaped cell that lacks a nucleus and is responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. Its unique shape maximizes surface area for efficient gas exchange.
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
The protein found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and gives blood its red color. It's responsible for carrying oxygen to the body's tissues.
Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis
The process of red blood cell production, primarily occurring in the red bone marrow.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Red Blood Cell Lifespan
Red Blood Cell Lifespan
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anemia
Anemia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hemophilia
Hemophilia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Red Blood Cell Degradation
Red Blood Cell Degradation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pulmonary Ventilation
Pulmonary Ventilation
Signup and view all the flashcards
External Respiration
External Respiration
Signup and view all the flashcards
Transport
Transport
Signup and view all the flashcards
Internal Respiration
Internal Respiration
Signup and view all the flashcards
Conducting Zone
Conducting Zone
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hemostasis
Hemostasis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Thrombosis
Thrombosis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Embolus
Embolus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Infarction
Infarction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fibrinolysis
Fibrinolysis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Syneresis
Syneresis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fibrin
Fibrin
Signup and view all the flashcards
D antigen
D antigen
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cellular immunity
Cellular immunity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Humoral immunity
Humoral immunity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Self-antigens
Self-antigens
Signup and view all the flashcards
Allergy
Allergy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Haptens
Haptens
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fever
Fever
Signup and view all the flashcards
Interferons
Interferons
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nonspecific Defense System
Nonspecific Defense System
Signup and view all the flashcards
Specific Defense System
Specific Defense System
Signup and view all the flashcards
Skin as a Defense Barrier
Skin as a Defense Barrier
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mucous Membranes as Defense Barriers
Mucous Membranes as Defense Barriers
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phagocytes
Phagocytes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Natural Killer Cells
Natural Killer Cells
Signup and view all the flashcards
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response
Signup and view all the flashcards
Antimicrobial Chemicals
Antimicrobial Chemicals
Signup and view all the flashcards
Complement System
Complement System
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the Liver?
What is the Liver?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a Liver Lobule?
What is a Liver Lobule?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are Kupffer Cells?
What are Kupffer Cells?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the Gallbladder?
What is the Gallbladder?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Bile?
What is Bile?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the Colon?
What is the Colon?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the Anal Canal?
What is the Anal Canal?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a Mesocolon?
What is a Mesocolon?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a Peptic Ulcer?
What is a Peptic Ulcer?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Pancreatic Juice?
What is Pancreatic Juice?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
ANPH111 Coverage
- Cardiovascular System: Blood
- Cardiovascular System
- Semen Analysis
- Respiratory System
- Lymphatic System
- Digestive System
- Reproductive System
- Urinary System
- Endocrine System
Chapter 10: Cardiovascular System (Blood)
- Blood is a liquid connective tissue
- Plays a significant role in homeostasis
- 55% of whole blood is plasma
- 45% of whole blood is formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets)
- Average adult male = 5-6 liters of blood
- Average adult female = 4-5 liters of blood
- Blood accounts for 7-9% of total body weight
- Functions: Transport of O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, and hormones. Protection from excessive blood loss (clotting) and host defense (antibody production). Regulation of pH, and fluid balance. Clotting mechanism. Protection against foreign microbes and toxins.
Chapter 10: Blood Cells and Plasma
- Erythrocytes (RBCs): 95% of blood volume, biconcave discs, no nucleus, carry hemoglobin (Hgb) for oxygen transport; 120-day lifespan.
- Leukocytes (WBCs): Granular (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils) and Agranular (Monocytes, Lymphocytes); Crucial for immune response.
- Thrombocytes (platelets): Cell fragments, essential in clotting, 7-9 day lifespan.
- Plasma: Fluid portion of blood, 90% water
- Plasma proteins (Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen): Crucial for various functions.
- Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride): Vital for maintaining fluid balance and cellular function.
- Nutrients/waste products: Glucose, amino acids, fats/lipids, urea, etc.
- Gases/buffers: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, buffering systems.
Chapter 10: Red Blood Cell Physiology
- Average RBC count (Male): 5.5 million/cu.mm
- Average RBC count (Female): 4.8 million/cu.mm
- RBCs have a biconcave shape for increased surface area for gas exchange.
- RBCs are anucleated which prevents cell division, but they continuously synthesize hemoglobin.
- RBC lifespan: 120 days
- Removal and recycling of aged/damaged RBCs happen in the liver and spleen.
Chapter 10: White Blood Cell
- 5,000-10,000 cells/mm³ of blood
- No hemoglobin
- Granular Leukocytes: Neutrophils (60-70% of WBC): phagocytosis, first responders to bacterial infections; Eosinophils (2-4% of WBCs): Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, defend against parasites; Basophils (0.5-1% of WBCs): Release histamine and other chemical mediators in allergic reactions.
- Agranular Leukocytes: Lymphocytes (20-25% of WBCs): crucial for adaptive immunity; Monocytes (3-8% of WBCs): Become macrophages and engulf pathogens.
Chapter 10: Platelets
- Derived from megakaryocytes.
- Fragments, not whole cells.
- Cell fragments essential for clotting mechanism
- 7-10 day lifespan
- Essential for hemostasis in all body fluid compartments.
###Chapter 10: Hemostasis
- Prevention of blood loss
- Involves vasoconstriction, platelet adhesion and aggregation to form a platelet plug, and coagulation cascade (blood clotting).
Chapter 10: Blood Typing and Rh System
- Blood types (A, B, AB, O) are based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on RBC surfaces.
- Antibodies in the serum react with incompatible antigens, causing agglutination (clumping).
- Rh system: presence (+/-) of the Rh antigen on RBC surfaces influences blood compatibility during transfusions.
- Mismatched blood transfusion can lead to hemolysis and fatal consequences.
Chapter 11: The Heart
- Location: Within the thoracic cavity, between the lungs.
- Coversings: Pericardium (visceral/parietal layers).
- Heart Wall Layers: Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium.
- Four chambers: Two atria (receiving), Two ventricles (discharging).
- Valves: Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral) and semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) controlling blood flow.
Chapter 11: Blood Circulation
- Blood flows through the body via arteries and veins, with capillaries connecting them.
- The heart serves as the pump.
- Pulmonary Circulation (heart-lungs-heart): oxygenates blood.
- Systemic Circulation (heart-body-heart): Delivers oxygen and nutrients, removes CO2 and waste
Chapter 11: Heart Valves and Pathology
- Heart valves ensure one-way blood flow.
- Incompetent valves allow backflow, leading to murmurs and heart failure
- Stenotic valves narrow the opening, causing increased workload on the heart.
Chapter 12: Semen Analysis
- Test for male fertility assessment
- Sample collection method (masturbation recommended)
- Sample evaluation criteria (volume, concentration, motility, morphology).
Chapter 13: Respiratory System
- Body's transport system for O2 and CO2
- Nose, Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs
- Structures perform functions like filtering, warming, and humidifying air, gas exchange, and sound production.
Chapter 14: Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
- Fluid balance, immune responses.
- Lymph - Fluid containing proteins, WBCs, cellular debris
- Lymphatic vessels - return leaked fluids to the blood.
- Lymph nodes - filter lymph & house immune cells.
Chapter 15: Digestive System
- Digestion of food
- Organs involved - Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine
- Accessory organs (pancreas, liver, gallbladder)
Chapter 16: Reproductive System (Male)
- Male reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate glands, urethra, penis)
- Hormone production (testosterone) promotes development of secondary sex characteristics and sperm production.
- Sperm production/pathways
Chapter 16: Reproductive System (Female)
- Female reproductive organs (ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina)
- Ovarian cycle (follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase), uterine cycle, and hormonal regulation of the cycle.
- Functions: Egg production/hormone secretion/site for fertilization/development/birth/lactation.
Chapter 17: Urinary System
- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
- Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
- Nephrons: Functional units of the kidneys, filtration process to produce urine.
Chapter 18: Endocrine System
- Hormones and their functions in regulating body processes
- Endocrine glands and their locations
- Mechanisms of hormone action (steroid vs. nonsteroid).
Chapter 19: Immune System
- Defense against pathogens & foreign materials; includes cellular (cell-mediated) and humoral (antibody-mediated) immune responses.
- Specificity, memory, and systemic effects of immune system components.
- Disorders: Immunodeficiencies, and autoimmune diseases
- Cells involved (NK cells, phagocytes, lymphocytes)
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the key concepts of human reproductive and respiratory systems in this biology quiz. Explore sperm motility, gas exchange, and the role of blood components in clotting. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of these vital systems.
