Biology: Human Reproductive and Respiratory Systems

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Questions and Answers

Which grade of sperm motility is characterized by fast, straight-line movement?

Grade D (immotile)

Grade C (non-progressive)

Grade B (slow progressive)

Grade A (fast progressive) (correct)

What is the primary function of the conducting zone in the respiratory system?

Includes bronchioles and alveoli

Transports oxygen to the blood

Site of gas exchange

Moving air into and out of the lungs (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a major function of the respiratory system?

Aid in digestion (correct)

Supply the body with oxygen

Dispose of carbon dioxide

Transport gases between lungs and tissues

What characterizes a normal sperm morphology?

A smooth, oval-shaped head without fluid droplets larger than half the head size Signup and view all the answers

Which process in respiration involves gas exchange between the lungs and the blood?

External respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of serotonin released from platelets during injury?

Constrict vascular smooth muscles Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during syneresis in the clotting mechanism?

Retraction of the clot Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an Rh-negative individual is exposed to Rh-positive blood?

They produce anti-Rh antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence for an Rh-negative mother with an Rh-positive fetus in subsequent pregnancies?

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Signup and view all the answers

How does blood typing determine compatibility between donors and recipients?

By observing agglutination reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes thrombosis?

Unwanted clotting Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate effect of platelets getting enmeshed in fibrin during clot formation?

A net is formed to stop bleeding Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes infarction?

It results in tissue damage due to impaired blood flow Signup and view all the answers

What is the average RBC count for males in million per cubic millimeter?

5.5 million/cu.mm Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is primarily responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells?

Hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What is the life span of a red blood cell?

120 days Signup and view all the answers

Where does erythropoiesis primarily occur?

Red bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of a red blood cell?

Biconcave disc Signup and view all the answers

Which interferons are commonly used as therapeutics for certain conditions?

Alpha, beta, and gamma Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the production of erythropoietin (EPO) in the kidneys?

Hypoxia Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of interferon therapy?

Black tarry stools Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about old red blood cells is true?

They cannot reproduce due to lack of nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to hemoglobin when blood reaches the alveoli in the lungs?

It releases oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What role do pyrogens play in the body's immune response?

They reset the hypothalamus for heat regulation. Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is characterized by being antigen-specific and systemic?

Humoral immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances can provoke an immune response as an antigen?

Lipids Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of an allergic reaction?

Difficulty breathing Signup and view all the answers

How do haptens influence the immune response?

They link up with proteins and may provoke an immune response. Signup and view all the answers

Why may an organ transplant from one person to another trigger an immune response?

The recipient's immune cells recognize foreign proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the skin in the nonspecific defense system?

To serve as a physical barrier to foreign materials Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the inflammatory response?

Production of antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What do phagocytes do in the immune response?

Engulf foreign material into a vacuole Signup and view all the answers

How do natural killer cells contribute to the immune response?

They lyse virus-infected cells directly Signup and view all the answers

What role does hydrochloric acid play in the stomach mucosa?

It helps in digesting proteins and killing microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of complement proteins in the immune response?

To bind to foreign cell surfaces and damage them Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of the first line of defense?

Secretion of sebum Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of interferon in the immune response?

To inhibit virus binding to healthy cells Signup and view all the answers

What do the four cardinal signs of inflammation signify?

The body is undergoing a protective and healing process Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are involved in the inflammatory response?

Neutrophils and macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hepatocytes in the liver?

Production of bile, processing bloodborne nutrients, storage of fat-soluble vitamins, and detoxification Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates the right and left lobes of the liver?

Falciform ligament Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Stores bile and releases it during digestion Signup and view all the answers

What does the hepatic portal vein carry to the liver?

Nutrient-rich venous blood from the digestive organs Signup and view all the answers

What are liver sinusoids?

Enlarged, leaky capillaries between hepatic plates Signup and view all the answers

Which region is NOT part of the large intestine?

Ileum Signup and view all the answers

What connects the liver to the diaphragm and the anterior abdominal wall?

Falciform ligament Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the hepatic flexure and splenic flexure in the colon?

Locations where colon segments change direction Signup and view all the answers

What is a peptic ulcer?

Erosion in the gastrointestinal mucosa Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the bile ducts is true?

They fuse into the common hepatic duct before merging with the cystic duct Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

ANPH111 Coverage

Cardiovascular System: Blood
Cardiovascular System
Semen Analysis
Respiratory System
Lymphatic System
Digestive System
Reproductive System
Urinary System
Endocrine System

Chapter 10: Cardiovascular System (Blood)

Blood is a liquid connective tissue
Plays a significant role in homeostasis
55% of whole blood is plasma
45% of whole blood is formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets)
Average adult male = 5-6 liters of blood
Average adult female = 4-5 liters of blood
Blood accounts for 7-9% of total body weight
Functions: Transport of O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, and hormones. Protection from excessive blood loss (clotting) and host defense (antibody production). Regulation of pH, and fluid balance. Clotting mechanism. Protection against foreign microbes and toxins.

Chapter 10: Blood Cells and Plasma

Erythrocytes (RBCs): 95% of blood volume, biconcave discs, no nucleus, carry hemoglobin (Hgb) for oxygen transport; 120-day lifespan.
Leukocytes (WBCs): Granular (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils) and Agranular (Monocytes, Lymphocytes); Crucial for immune response.
Thrombocytes (platelets): Cell fragments, essential in clotting, 7-9 day lifespan.
Plasma: Fluid portion of blood, 90% water
Plasma proteins (Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen): Crucial for various functions.
Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride): Vital for maintaining fluid balance and cellular function.
Nutrients/waste products: Glucose, amino acids, fats/lipids, urea, etc.
Gases/buffers: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, buffering systems.

Chapter 10: Red Blood Cell Physiology

Average RBC count (Male): 5.5 million/cu.mm
Average RBC count (Female): 4.8 million/cu.mm
RBCs have a biconcave shape for increased surface area for gas exchange.
RBCs are anucleated which prevents cell division, but they continuously synthesize hemoglobin.
RBC lifespan: 120 days
Removal and recycling of aged/damaged RBCs happen in the liver and spleen.

Chapter 10: White Blood Cell

5,000-10,000 cells/mm³ of blood
No hemoglobin
Granular Leukocytes: Neutrophils (60-70% of WBC): phagocytosis, first responders to bacterial infections; Eosinophils (2-4% of WBCs): Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, defend against parasites; Basophils (0.5-1% of WBCs): Release histamine and other chemical mediators in allergic reactions.
Agranular Leukocytes: Lymphocytes (20-25% of WBCs): crucial for adaptive immunity; Monocytes (3-8% of WBCs): Become macrophages and engulf pathogens.

Chapter 10: Platelets

Derived from megakaryocytes.
Fragments, not whole cells.
Cell fragments essential for clotting mechanism
7-10 day lifespan
Essential for hemostasis in all body fluid compartments.

###Chapter 10: Hemostasis

Prevention of blood loss
Involves vasoconstriction, platelet adhesion and aggregation to form a platelet plug, and coagulation cascade (blood clotting).

Chapter 10: Blood Typing and Rh System

Blood types (A, B, AB, O) are based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on RBC surfaces.
Antibodies in the serum react with incompatible antigens, causing agglutination (clumping).
Rh system: presence (+/-) of the Rh antigen on RBC surfaces influences blood compatibility during transfusions.
Mismatched blood transfusion can lead to hemolysis and fatal consequences.

Chapter 11: The Heart

Location: Within the thoracic cavity, between the lungs.
Coversings: Pericardium (visceral/parietal layers).
Heart Wall Layers: Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium.
Four chambers: Two atria (receiving), Two ventricles (discharging).
Valves: Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral) and semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) controlling blood flow.

Chapter 11: Blood Circulation

Blood flows through the body via arteries and veins, with capillaries connecting them.
The heart serves as the pump.
Pulmonary Circulation (heart-lungs-heart): oxygenates blood.
Systemic Circulation (heart-body-heart): Delivers oxygen and nutrients, removes CO2 and waste

Chapter 11: Heart Valves and Pathology

Heart valves ensure one-way blood flow.
Incompetent valves allow backflow, leading to murmurs and heart failure
Stenotic valves narrow the opening, causing increased workload on the heart.

Chapter 12: Semen Analysis

Test for male fertility assessment
Sample collection method (masturbation recommended)
Sample evaluation criteria (volume, concentration, motility, morphology).

Chapter 13: Respiratory System

Body's transport system for O2 and CO2
Nose, Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs
Structures perform functions like filtering, warming, and humidifying air, gas exchange, and sound production.

Chapter 14: Lymphatic System and Body Defenses

Fluid balance, immune responses.
Lymph - Fluid containing proteins, WBCs, cellular debris
Lymphatic vessels - return leaked fluids to the blood.
Lymph nodes - filter lymph & house immune cells.

Chapter 15: Digestive System

Digestion of food
Organs involved - Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine
Accessory organs (pancreas, liver, gallbladder)

Chapter 16: Reproductive System (Male)

Male reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate glands, urethra, penis)
Hormone production (testosterone) promotes development of secondary sex characteristics and sperm production.
Sperm production/pathways

Chapter 16: Reproductive System (Female)

Female reproductive organs (ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina)
Ovarian cycle (follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase), uterine cycle, and hormonal regulation of the cycle.
Functions: Egg production/hormone secretion/site for fertilization/development/birth/lactation.

Chapter 17: Urinary System

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
Nephrons: Functional units of the kidneys, filtration process to produce urine.

Chapter 18: Endocrine System

Hormones and their functions in regulating body processes
Endocrine glands and their locations
Mechanisms of hormone action (steroid vs. nonsteroid).

Chapter 19: Immune System

Defense against pathogens & foreign materials; includes cellular (cell-mediated) and humoral (antibody-mediated) immune responses.
Specificity, memory, and systemic effects of immune system components.
Disorders: Immunodeficiencies, and autoimmune diseases
Cells involved (NK cells, phagocytes, lymphocytes)

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Description

Test your knowledge on the key concepts of human reproductive and respiratory systems in this biology quiz. Explore sperm motility, gas exchange, and the role of blood components in clotting. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of these vital systems.