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What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

  • To produce and regulate chemical substances called hormones (correct)
  • To maintain blood pressure
  • To regulate the heartbeat
  • To regulate body temperature

    • What is the term used to describe the constant state of the internal environment?

  • Endocrine system
  • Homeostasis (correct)
  • Hormone regulation
  • Metabolism

    • What do hormones regulate in the body?

  • Respiratory and circulatory systems
  • Muscle movement and nerve function
  • Blood pressure and body temperature
  • Growth, development, mood, tissue function, metabolism, and sexual function (correct)

    • What is released in small amounts from glands and transported in the bloodstream to target organs or cells?

    <p>Hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is considered the master gland in the endocrine system?

    <p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if homeostasis fails?

    <p>The body could become ill or result in death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hormones in the body?

    <p>To stabilize the body's internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland produces hormones that stimulate or suppress hormone secretions?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an excess of thyroxine in the body?

    <p>Hyperactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the body's automatic response to perceived threats?

    <p>Fight or flight response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pituitary gland in hormone regulation?

    <p>To act as a link between the hypothalamus and other endocrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the result of a break in the hormone regulation pathway?

    <p>A disorder or disease may occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of responding to stimuli in humans?

    <p>To protect themselves from danger or for survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a change in the environment?

    <p>Stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do human senses include?

    <p>Sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a stimulus is detected by a sensor?

    <p>The signal is converted into a response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can the signal from a sensor be processed?

    <p>In an area in between the sensor and the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of a neutron?

    <p>No charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of electrons in the first shell of an atom?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the number of protons and electrons in an atom?

    <p>The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the arrangement of electrons in energy levels around the nucleus of an atom?

    <p>Shells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic number of an atom equal to?

    <p>The number of protons in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic mass of an atom equal to?

    <p>The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the second shell?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium has an atomic number of 20. What is the electronic configuration of the element Calcium (Ca)?

    <p>2,8,10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the circles represent in a Dot & Cross diagram?

    <p>Shells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chlorine has an atomic number of 17. What is the electronic configuration of the element Chlorine (Cl)?

    <p>2,8,7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the particles in a liquid as they are heated?

    <p>They move faster and escape from the surface of the liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a molecule?

    <p>Two or more atoms joined chemically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fundamental building block of all materials?

    <p>Atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the particles in a gas as it is cooled?

    <p>They move slower and come closer together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a pure substance that is made up of two or more different types of atoms chemically combined?

    <p>Compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the particles in a gas are cooled?

    <p>They move slower and come together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental building block of all materials?

    <p>Atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a pure substance that is made up of two or more different types of atoms chemically combined?

    <p>Compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is matter?

    <p>Any substance that has mass and volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main states of matter on Earth?

    <p>Solid, Liquid, Gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of particles in a solid?

    <p>They hold their own shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the shape of a liquid when it is poured into a container?

    <p>It takes the shape of the container</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the amount of space an object takes up?

    <p>The amount of matter in the object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for a substance to change from one physical state to another?

    <p>Gain or loss of heat energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the particles in a solid as the temperature increases?

    <p>They vibrate and expand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state of matter where particles have the highest energy?

    <p>Gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the particles in a liquid as they are cooled during freezing?

    <p>They move slower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process where particles in a liquid escape to form a gas?

    <p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state of matter where particles are held in a fixed position by the forces of attraction?

    <p>Solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do living objects have that detect forms of energy from the world around them?

    <p>Sensors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reaction of the organism to the stimulus?

    <p>Response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the internal environment of the body is not maintained at a constant state?

    <p>You could become ill or even die</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the endocrine glands?

    <p>To produce and regulate hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the endocrine system and homeostasis?

    <p>The endocrine system regulates homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of maintaining a constant internal environment?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process where particles in a liquid escape to form a gas?

    <p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the particles in a gas as it is cooled?

    <p>They move slower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of particles in a liquid coming together to form a liquid droplet?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for a substance to change from one physical state to another?

    <p>A gain or loss of heat energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the particles in a solid as the temperature increases?

    <p>They vibrate more rapidly but remain in a fixed position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state of matter where particles have the highest energy?

    <p>Gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What holds particles together in a liquid?

    <p>A small amount of attraction between particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the particles in a liquid as they are cooled during freezing?

    <p>They slow down and lose energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the amount of space an object takes up?

    <p>Its volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main states of matter on Earth?

    <p>Solid, Liquid, Gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the smallest particle that all matter is made of?

    <p>Atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electrons can the first shell of an atom hold?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when two or more different types of atoms are bonded together?

    <p>Compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the arrangement of atoms in an element?

    <p>Element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the atomic number of an element?

    <p>To determine the number of protons in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a group of atoms bonded together?

    <p>Molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of protons and neutrons in an atom?

    <p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum electron capacity of the 2nd shell?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a substance made up of only one type of atom?

    <p>Element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of an electron?

    <p>Negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a group of atoms bonded together?

    <p>Molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the identity of an element?

    <p>Number of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum in protein synthesis?

    <p>Folding and modification of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental unit of life?

    <p>Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of plant and animal cells?

    <p>They contain membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the third principle of the cell theory?

    <p>All cells come from pre-existing cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a way to classify living organisms?

    <p>Based on their cell structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of unicellular organisms?

    <p>They are single-celled organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the third shell of an atom?

    <p>18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that states that electrons occupy the lowest available energy level?

    <p>Aufbau Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the arrangement of electrons in an atom's electron shells?

    <p>Electron Configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the capacity of the first shell of an atom?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the energy levels that electrons occupy around the nucleus of an atom?

    <p>Electron Shells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the element of an atom?

    <p>The number of protons in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the third shell?

    <p>18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the arrangement of elements in a periodic table?

    <p>Atomic number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of an atom has a positive charge?

    <p>Proton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outermost energy level of an atom called?

    <p>Electron shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus?

    <p>Mass number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Electron Shells

    • Electron shells are the energy levels that electrons occupy around the nucleus of an atom.
    • Each shell has a specific capacity, and electrons fill the lowest available energy level first.
    • The first shell has a capacity of 2 electrons, the second shell has a capacity of 8 electrons, and the third shell has a capacity of 18 electrons.
    • Electron shells are also referred to as energy levels or orbitals.

    Electron Configuration

    • Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom's electron shells.
    • Electron configuration is typically written in a shorthand notation, with the number of electrons in each shell separated by commas.
    • The Aufbau principle states that electrons occupy the lowest available energy level.
    • The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers.
    • Electron configuration is important in determining the chemical properties of an element, such as its reactivity and bonding behavior.
    • Electron configuration of an atom can be determined by using the periodic table and the following rules:
      • The first two columns of the periodic table (Groups 1 and 2) have a valence shell configuration of ns^1 or ns^2.
      • The next six columns (Groups 13 to 18) have a valence shell configuration of ns^2 np^1 to ns^2 np^6.
      • The transition metals (Groups 3 to 12) have a valence shell configuration of ns^1 to ns^2 (n-1)d^1 to (n-1)d^10.

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    Description

    Learn about electron shells, their capacities, and the arrangement of electrons in atoms, also known as electron configuration.

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