92 Questions
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
To produce and regulate chemical substances called hormones
What is the term used to describe the constant state of the internal environment?
Homeostasis
What do hormones regulate in the body?
Growth, development, mood, tissue function, metabolism, and sexual function
What is released in small amounts from glands and transported in the bloodstream to target organs or cells?
Hormones
Which gland is considered the master gland in the endocrine system?
Pituitary gland
What would happen if homeostasis fails?
The body could become ill or result in death
What is the primary function of hormones in the body?
To stabilize the body's internal environment
Which gland produces hormones that stimulate or suppress hormone secretions?
Hypothalamus
What is the result of an excess of thyroxine in the body?
Hyperactivity
What is the term for the body's automatic response to perceived threats?
Fight or flight response
What is the role of the pituitary gland in hormone regulation?
To act as a link between the hypothalamus and other endocrine glands
What would be the result of a break in the hormone regulation pathway?
A disorder or disease may occur
What is the primary purpose of responding to stimuli in humans?
To protect themselves from danger or for survival
What is the term used to describe a change in the environment?
Stimulus
What do human senses include?
Sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch
What happens when a stimulus is detected by a sensor?
The signal is converted into a response
Where can the signal from a sensor be processed?
In an area in between the sensor and the brain
What is the charge of a neutron?
No charge
What is the number of electrons in the first shell of an atom?
2
What is the relationship between the number of protons and electrons in an atom?
The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons
What is the term for the arrangement of electrons in energy levels around the nucleus of an atom?
Shells
What is the atomic number of an atom equal to?
The number of protons in the nucleus
What is the atomic mass of an atom equal to?
The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the second shell?
8
Calcium has an atomic number of 20. What is the electronic configuration of the element Calcium (Ca)?
2,8,10
What do the circles represent in a Dot & Cross diagram?
Shells
Chlorine has an atomic number of 17. What is the electronic configuration of the element Chlorine (Cl)?
2,8,7
What happens to the particles in a liquid as they are heated?
They move faster and escape from the surface of the liquid
What is a molecule?
Two or more atoms joined chemically
What is the term for the fundamental building block of all materials?
Atom
What happens to the particles in a gas as it is cooled?
They move slower and come closer together
What is the term for a pure substance that is made up of two or more different types of atoms chemically combined?
Compound
What occurs when the particles in a gas are cooled?
They move slower and come together
What is the fundamental building block of all materials?
Atom
What is the term for a pure substance that is made up of two or more different types of atoms chemically combined?
Compound
What is matter?
Any substance that has mass and volume
What are the three main states of matter on Earth?
Solid, Liquid, Gas
What is a characteristic of particles in a solid?
They hold their own shape
What happens to the shape of a liquid when it is poured into a container?
It takes the shape of the container
What determines the amount of space an object takes up?
The amount of matter in the object
What is the reason for a substance to change from one physical state to another?
Gain or loss of heat energy
What happens to the particles in a solid as the temperature increases?
They vibrate and expand
What is the state of matter where particles have the highest energy?
Gas
What happens to the particles in a liquid as they are cooled during freezing?
They move slower
What is the process where particles in a liquid escape to form a gas?
Evaporation
What is the state of matter where particles are held in a fixed position by the forces of attraction?
Solid
What do living objects have that detect forms of energy from the world around them?
Sensors
What is the term for the reaction of the organism to the stimulus?
Response
What happens when the internal environment of the body is not maintained at a constant state?
You could become ill or even die
What is the primary function of the endocrine glands?
To produce and regulate hormones
What is the relationship between the endocrine system and homeostasis?
The endocrine system regulates homeostasis
What is the term used to describe the process of maintaining a constant internal environment?
Homeostasis
What is the process where particles in a liquid escape to form a gas?
Evaporation
What happens to the particles in a gas as it is cooled?
They move slower
What is the result of particles in a liquid coming together to form a liquid droplet?
Condensation
What is necessary for a substance to change from one physical state to another?
A gain or loss of heat energy
What happens to the particles in a solid as the temperature increases?
They vibrate more rapidly but remain in a fixed position
What is the state of matter where particles have the highest energy?
Gas
What holds particles together in a liquid?
A small amount of attraction between particles
What happens to the particles in a liquid as they are cooled during freezing?
They slow down and lose energy
What determines the amount of space an object takes up?
Its volume
What are the three main states of matter on Earth?
Solid, Liquid, Gas
What is the term for the smallest particle that all matter is made of?
Atom
How many electrons can the first shell of an atom hold?
2
What is formed when two or more different types of atoms are bonded together?
Compound
What is the term for the arrangement of atoms in an element?
Element
What is the purpose of the atomic number of an element?
To determine the number of protons in the nucleus
What is the term for a group of atoms bonded together?
Molecule
What is the location of protons and neutrons in an atom?
In the nucleus
What is the maximum electron capacity of the 2nd shell?
8
What is the term for a substance made up of only one type of atom?
Element
What is the charge of an electron?
Negative
What is the term for a group of atoms bonded together?
Molecule
What determines the identity of an element?
Number of protons
What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum in protein synthesis?
Folding and modification of proteins
What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
Photosynthesis
What is the fundamental unit of life?
Cell
What is a common characteristic of plant and animal cells?
They contain membrane-bound organelles
What is the third principle of the cell theory?
All cells come from pre-existing cells
What is a way to classify living organisms?
Based on their cell structure
What is a characteristic of unicellular organisms?
They are single-celled organisms
What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the third shell of an atom?
18
What is the principle that states that electrons occupy the lowest available energy level?
Aufbau Principle
What is the term used to describe the arrangement of electrons in an atom's electron shells?
Electron Configuration
What is the capacity of the first shell of an atom?
2
What is the term used to describe the energy levels that electrons occupy around the nucleus of an atom?
Electron Shells
What determines the element of an atom?
The number of protons in the nucleus
What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the third shell?
18
What determines the arrangement of elements in a periodic table?
Atomic number
Which part of an atom has a positive charge?
Proton
What is the outermost energy level of an atom called?
Electron shell
What is the term for the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus?
Mass number
Study Notes
Electron Shells
- Electron shells are the energy levels that electrons occupy around the nucleus of an atom.
- Each shell has a specific capacity, and electrons fill the lowest available energy level first.
- The first shell has a capacity of 2 electrons, the second shell has a capacity of 8 electrons, and the third shell has a capacity of 18 electrons.
- Electron shells are also referred to as energy levels or orbitals.
Electron Configuration
- Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom's electron shells.
- Electron configuration is typically written in a shorthand notation, with the number of electrons in each shell separated by commas.
- The Aufbau principle states that electrons occupy the lowest available energy level.
- The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers.
- Electron configuration is important in determining the chemical properties of an element, such as its reactivity and bonding behavior.
- Electron configuration of an atom can be determined by using the periodic table and the following rules:
- The first two columns of the periodic table (Groups 1 and 2) have a valence shell configuration of ns^1 or ns^2.
- The next six columns (Groups 13 to 18) have a valence shell configuration of ns^2 np^1 to ns^2 np^6.
- The transition metals (Groups 3 to 12) have a valence shell configuration of ns^1 to ns^2 (n-1)d^1 to (n-1)d^10.
Learn about electron shells, their capacities, and the arrangement of electrons in atoms, also known as electron configuration.
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