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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the pancreas in digestion?
What is the primary function of the pancreas in digestion?
Enzymes are specific to a substrate.
Enzymes are specific to a substrate.
True
What is the term for the process by which the body expels waste from the rectum?
What is the term for the process by which the body expels waste from the rectum?
Defecation
The energy of activation is the amount of energy needed for a reaction to take place in a _________ molecule.
The energy of activation is the amount of energy needed for a reaction to take place in a _________ molecule.
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Match the following biomolecules with their monomers:
Match the following biomolecules with their monomers:
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Which structure of DNA involves the joining of several tertiary structures?
Which structure of DNA involves the joining of several tertiary structures?
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All enzymes are polar molecules.
All enzymes are polar molecules.
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What is a catalyst?
What is a catalyst?
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Which type of reaction consumes energy to form chemical bonds?
Which type of reaction consumes energy to form chemical bonds?
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Catabolic reactions release energy when chemical bonds are broken.
Catabolic reactions release energy when chemical bonds are broken.
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What is the main function of ATP in the body?
What is the main function of ATP in the body?
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The process of breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen is called _____ respiration.
The process of breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen is called _____ respiration.
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Match each type of sugar with its definition:
Match each type of sugar with its definition:
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Which statement about the digestive system is correct?
Which statement about the digestive system is correct?
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Proteins are made up of chains of fatty acids.
Proteins are made up of chains of fatty acids.
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What reaction occurs in the cytoplasm when no oxygen is present?
What reaction occurs in the cytoplasm when no oxygen is present?
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What is the primary purpose of the electron transport chain?
What is the primary purpose of the electron transport chain?
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Alleles are identical copies of a gene.
Alleles are identical copies of a gene.
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Which of the following statements about enzymes is true?
Which of the following statements about enzymes is true?
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What type of genome do eukaryotic organisms have?
What type of genome do eukaryotic organisms have?
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All forms of nutrition discussed (autotrophic and heterotrophic) require sunlight.
All forms of nutrition discussed (autotrophic and heterotrophic) require sunlight.
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The __________ theory explains that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent organisms.
The __________ theory explains that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent organisms.
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Match the following types of gene transfer with their descriptions:
Match the following types of gene transfer with their descriptions:
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What are the two main types of fermentation?
What are the two main types of fermentation?
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What controls the direction of DNA synthesis?
What controls the direction of DNA synthesis?
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The process by which organisms use sunlight to produce food is called ______.
The process by which organisms use sunlight to produce food is called ______.
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Sister chromatids are non-identical copies of homologous chromosomes.
Sister chromatids are non-identical copies of homologous chromosomes.
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Match the following processes with their definitions:
Match the following processes with their definitions:
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What role do mitochondria play in the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
What role do mitochondria play in the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
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Who are credited with discovering the structure of DNA?
Who are credited with discovering the structure of DNA?
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Cofactors can be either tightly or loosely bound to enzymes.
Cofactors can be either tightly or loosely bound to enzymes.
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What is the primary difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms?
What is the primary difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms?
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What is the final product of alcoholic fermentation?
What is the final product of alcoholic fermentation?
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The Calvin Cycle produces ATP and NADPH.
The Calvin Cycle produces ATP and NADPH.
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What is the process called where glucose is converted into pyruvate?
What is the process called where glucose is converted into pyruvate?
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The chemical equation for photosynthesis is __________.
The chemical equation for photosynthesis is __________.
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Match the following fermentation processes with their final products:
Match the following fermentation processes with their final products:
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Which of the following correctly describes the Krebs Cycle?
Which of the following correctly describes the Krebs Cycle?
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Yeast consumes O2 to cause bread to rise.
Yeast consumes O2 to cause bread to rise.
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During light dependent reactions, light is captured and __________ is produced.
During light dependent reactions, light is captured and __________ is produced.
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Study Notes
Biology Guide - First Period
- Anabolic Reactions: Consume energy to create or modify chemical bonds. Cellular Respiration is an example.
- Catabolic Reactions: Release energy when chemical bonds are broken. Photosynthesis is an example.
- Cellular Metabolism: The combined anabolic and catabolic reactions in a cell, essential for survival.
- Aerobic Respiration: Production of energy in the presence of oxygen (occurs in the mitochondria) from glucose.
- Anaerobic Respiration: Production of energy in the absence of oxygen (occurs in the cytoplasm) from sugars.
- Biochemical Pathways: A series of linked biochemical reactions, each step catalyzed by a specific enzyme.
Biomolecules
- Proteins: Chains of amino acids, crucial for various cellular functions.
- Lipids: Commonly phospholipids, forming cell membranes. Cholesterol plays a role in membrane structure.
- Carbohydrates: Sugars, provide energy.
True/False Questions
- Sugar is bad for diets. (False)
- Starch is a monomer. (False)
- Sugar rush is proven. (False)
- Sugar substitute discovery was accidental. (True)
- Plant material source is soil. (True)
- Digestive system transforms food to energy. (True)
- Saliva helps break down food with amylases. (True)
- Stomach dissolves fats. (False)
- Small intestine absorbs nutrients. (True)
ATP and Lipids
- ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): The main energy currency for cells.
- Lipids (Phospholipids): Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails. Key component of cell membranes.
- Cholesterol: Contributes to membrane strength, flexibility, and fluidity.
Biomolecules, Monomers, and Polymers
- Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (glucose, galactose).
- Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides joined (sucrose, maltose, lactose).
- Polysaccharides: Complex carbohydrates (cellulose, starch, chitin, glycogen).
Digestive System Summary
- Saliva: Begins food breakdown in the mouth.
- Peristalsis: Muscle contractions move food through the esophagus.
- Stomach: Churns food, releases acids to break down proteins.
- Duodenum: Continues digestion, receiving digestive juices from the pancreas.
- Large Intestine: Absorbs water and electrolytes.
- Small Intestine: Absorbs most nutrients, where most of the nutrients go through before being transformed into energy in the bloodstream.
- Liver: Stores energy for the body.
DNA and Proteins
- DNA Primary Structure: Peptide bonds link amino acids.
- DNA Secondary Structure: Helices, folded.
- DNA Quaternary Structure: Several tertiary structures joined.
- DNA vs. RNA: Key differences in bases (cytosine-guanine, adenine-thymine, uracil-adenine) and sugar (deoxyribose, ribose), along with single or double strand configuration.
Open Systems and Catalysts
- Open Systems: Organisms interact with the environment for matter and energy.
- Catalyst: Substances that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.
Enzymes
- Enzymes: Catalyze reactions, specific substrate binding.
- Active Site: Enzyme region that binds to the substrate.
- Enzyme-Substrate Complex: Formation when substrate binds to enzyme's active site.
- Energy of Activation: Energy required for a reaction to start.
- Catalytic Cycle: Enzyme approach, substrate binding, product formation, enzyme releasing.
Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Nutrition
- Autotrophic Nutrition: Organisms produce their own food from sunlight or inorganic compounds (plants, algae).
- Heterotrophic Nutrition: Organisms obtain nutrients from other organisms (animals, fungi).
- Chemosynthesis: Production of nutrients using chemical energy.
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
- Complementary: Photosynthesis produces glucose/O2; respiration uses glucose/O2, and gives CO2.
- Fermentation: Anaerobic respiration, like lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.
- Lactic Acid Fermentation: Results in lactic acid & 2 ATP. Muscle cramps.
- Alcoholic Fermentation: Produces ethanol, 2 CO2, and 2 ATP.
DNA Structure and Function
- Genome: All DNA in an organism.
- Alleles: Different versions of a gene.
- Genes: Sections of DNA coding for a protein.
- Locus: Gene location.
- Karyotype: Image of chromosomes.
- Histones: Proteins compacting DNA into chromatin.
- Sister Chromatids: Identical copies of homologous chromosomes.
- DNA replication: Semiconservative process.
DNA Replication and mRNA
- Vertical Gene Transfer: Passing genes from parents to offspring.
- RNA (mRNA): Carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
- tRNA: Transports amino acids to ribosomes.
- DNA Polymerase: Adds nucleotides to DNA.
- DNA Ligase: Joins DNA fragments.
- Okazaki Fragments: Short DNA fragments during replication.
- Exonuclease: Removes RNA primers.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key biology concepts including metabolic reactions and biomolecules. This quiz covers topics like anabolic and catabolic reactions, cellular respiration, and the importance of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Challenge yourself with true/false questions to reinforce your understanding.
