Biology Grade 11 Genetics Overview

Different forms of the same gene. For example, a gene for eye color can have alleles for blue, brown, and green eyes.

A long molecule that is a double helix (twisted ladder) containing the genetic instructions for an organism.

The process in which DNA replicates itself, resulting in two identical copies. Each strand serves as a template for the new strand.

The process of producing sex cells (sperm and egg) through meiotic cell division.

Similar but not identical chromosomes carrying genes for the SAME traits.

Occurs during anaphase I of meiosis when two homologous chromosomes move to the same pole instead of separating, leading to an abnormal number of chromosomes in the gametes.

The random distribution of homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase I of meiosis, resulting in different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes in the gametes.

A cell type characterized by the presence of a membrane-bound nucleus and other internal membrane-bound organelles.

A cell type that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and other internal membrane-bound organelles.

A type of reproduction in which one parent organism produces offspring that are genetically identical to itself.

A type of reproduction in which two parent organisms contribute genetic material to produce offspring.

The process by which organisms use oxygen to convert glucose into energy.

The process by which organisms convert glucose into energy without using oxygen.

A species concept that relies on comparing measurements and descriptions of similar organisms to determine if they represent different species.

A species concept that defines a species as a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring under natural conditions.

Using physical characteristics, like size and shape, to identify and classify species.

The Biological Species Concept's inability to be applied to all species.

Occurs when a population's size is reduced for at least one generation. This can significantly reduce genetic variation, even if the population bottleneck is short-lived.

Occurs when a new colony is established by a small group of individuals from a larger population. This can result in reduced genetic diversity compared to the original population.

Prevent interbreeding between different species, contributing to reproductive isolation and ultimately speciation.

Mechanisms that prevent mating from occurring between different species.

Species reproduce at different times, preventing interbreeding.

Differences in courtship behaviours or mating signals prevent interbreeding.

Physical differences in reproductive structures prevent successful mating.

Mechanisms that prevent a hybrid offspring from surviving or reproducing successfully.

A hybrid offspring fails to develop properly and dies at an early stage.

Microscopic organisms that produce methane gas as a byproduct of their metabolism.

One of the five kingdoms of life, characterized by eukaryotic cells, unicellular or multicellular organisms, and varied reproduction methods.

One of the five kingdoms of life, characterized by eukaryotic cells, multicellular organisms, and the ability to produce their own food through photosynthesis.

One of the five kingdoms of life, characterized by eukaryotic cells, multicellular organisms, and the ability to move.

One of the five kingdoms of life, characterized by eukaryotic cells, multicellular organisms, and the ability to decompose organic matter.

A non-living infectious particle that requires a host cell to replicate.

The viral replication process where the virus takes over the host cell and immediately replicates, eventually destroying the cell.

The viral replication process where the virus integrates its genetic material into the host's DNA, remaining inactive, and potentially becoming active later.

The stage in the lytic cycle where the virus attaches to the host cell.

The stage in the lytic cycle where the virus injects its genetic material into the host cell.

A long, thread-like filament that makes up the body of a fungus.

A network of hyphae that forms the main body of a fungus.

A substance found in the cell walls of fungi.

The process by which fungi break down organic matter, recycling nutrients.

A type of fungus that lives in a mutually beneficial relationship with plant roots.