Biology: Glycolysis Overview

Study Notes

Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing energy in the form of ATP and NADH.
It is a universal pathway found in all living organisms, from bacteria to humans.
Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration and is followed by the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

Glucose phosphorylation: Glucose is converted into glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) using one ATP molecule.
Phosphoglucose isomerase: G6P is converted into fructose-6-phosphate (F6P).
Aldolase: F6P is converted into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP).
Triosephosphate isomerase: F1,6BP is converted into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: G3P is converted into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG), producing one NADH molecule.
Phosphoglycerate kinase: 1,3BPG is converted into 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG), producing one ATP molecule.
Phosphoglycerate mutase: 3PG is converted into 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG).
Enolase: 2PG is converted into enolpyruvate (ENO).
Pyruvate kinase: ENO is converted into pyruvate, producing one ATP molecule.

Feedback inhibition: ATP and NADH inhibit glycolysis by binding to enzymes and reducing their activity.
Allosteric control: Enzymes are activated or inhibited by changes in ATP, ADP, and NADH concentrations.
Hormonal regulation: Insulin stimulates glycolysis, while glucagon inhibits it.

Energy production: Glycolysis produces ATP and NADH, which are used to generate energy in the cell.
Glucose metabolism: Glycolysis is the first step in glucose metabolism, and its regulation is critical for maintaining blood glucose levels.
Cellular signaling: Glycolysis is involved in cellular signaling pathways, such as the response to hypoxia and the regulation of apoptosis.

Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing energy in the form of ATP and NADH.
It is a universal pathway found in all living organisms, from bacteria to humans.
Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration and is followed by the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

Glucose is converted into glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) using one ATP molecule through glucose phosphorylation.
Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) is converted into fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) through phosphoglucose isomerase.
Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) is converted into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP) through aldolase.
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP) is converted into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) through triosephosphate isomerase.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) is converted into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG), producing one NADH molecule through glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG) is converted into 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG), producing one ATP molecule through phosphoglycerate kinase.
3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) is converted into 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) through phosphoglycerate mutase.
2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) is converted into enolpyruvate (ENO) through enolase.
Enolpyruvate (ENO) is converted into pyruvate, producing one ATP molecule through pyruvate kinase.

ATP and NADH inhibit glycolysis by binding to enzymes and reducing their activity through feedback inhibition.
Glycolysis is regulated by allosteric control, where enzymes are activated or inhibited by changes in ATP, ADP, and NADH concentrations.
Insulin stimulates glycolysis, while glucagon inhibits it through hormonal regulation.

Glycolysis produces ATP and NADH, which are used to generate energy in the cell.
Glycolysis is the first step in glucose metabolism, and its regulation is critical for maintaining blood glucose levels.
Glycolysis is involved in cellular signaling pathways, such as the response to hypoxia and the regulation of apoptosis.