Biology Genetics Chapter Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the ploidy level of gametes produced by meiosis?

  • Tetraploid
  • Haploid (correct)
  • Diploid
  • Triploid

    • How many chromosomes are present in a germ cell prior to meiosis?

  • 23 chromosomes
  • 40 chromosomes
  • 46 chromosomes (correct)
  • 92 chromosomes

    • Which process involves the union of homologs during meiosis?

  • Synapsis (correct)
  • Differentiation
  • Replication
  • Cytokinesis

    • What is the function of the gonads in the context of germ cells?

    <p>Production of gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of division occurs during meiosis I?

    <p>Reduction division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage are dyads formed?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the genetic makeup represented by 'N'?

    <p>Haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>Reduces the chromosome number by half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs to chromosome structure before meiosis begins?

    <p>Chromosomes replicate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that DNA is inherited from all body parts?

    <p>Pangenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who disproved the theory of Pangenesis using the rat experiment?

    <p>August Weismann</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Blending Inheritance propose about offspring traits?

    <p>They are a combination of the two parents' traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what do independent events refer to?

    <p>Events that do not affect each other's probabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using the Rule of Multiplication, what does it calculate?

    <p>The product of individual probabilities of independent events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for traits acquired by an organism that can be passed down to offspring?

    <p>Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'mutually exclusive events' refer to in probability?

    <p>Events that cannot happen at the same time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of genetics, what do gametes contribute to?

    <p>The genetic makeup of the zygote.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example illustrates a binomial probability scenario?

    <p>The probability of 15 students gaining acceptance when only 2 are admitted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best summarizes the Germ-Plasm Theory?

    <p>DNA is exclusively inherited from reproductive tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between sexual and asexual reproduction?

    <p>Sexual reproduction results in genetically distinct offspring, while asexual reproduction results in clones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle is primarily responsible for DNA replication?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In meiosis, which statement accurately describes the outcome?

    <p>Meiosis results in haploid gametes that are genetically distinct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cohesins primarily responsible for during cell replication?

    <p>Binding sister chromatids together until anaphase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase do the chromosomes line up at the equatorial plane?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Hayflick limit associated with in cellular biology?

    <p>The maximum number of divisions before a cell undergoes senescence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are primarily involved in the separation of sister chromatids during anaphase?

    <p>Spindle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of chromosomes contain the same gene order but may differ in alleles?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the centrosome during cell division?

    <p>It anchors astral microtubules during mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about prokaryotic binary fission is accurate?

    <p>It is a form of asexual reproduction with a rapid division time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase are the nuclear envelope and nucleolus reformed?

    <p>Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are alleles?

    <p>Different versions of the same gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of triploid organisms?

    <p>They possess three sets of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is primarily responsible for degrading securin during anaphase?

    <p>Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of spermatogenesis?

    <p>Formation of four sperm from one spermatogonium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process during oogenesis results in the production of polar bodies?

    <p>Unequal cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After cytokinesis in oogenesis, how many viable gametes are produced?

    <p>Three nonfunctional polar bodies and one egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of independent assortment in genetics?

    <p>It allows for the combination of genes from different chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of chemical stimulation during spermatogenesis?

    <p>It initiates the differentiation of spermatogonium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model organism was primarily used by Mendel for genetic research?

    <p>Pisum sativum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the gametes produced during spermatogenesis?

    <p>All gametes have distinct genetic variations due to independent assortment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final result of sperm differentiation in spermatogenesis?

    <p>Formation of four viable sperm cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of oogenesis differs significantly from spermatogenesis?

    <p>Oogenesis produces only one functional gamete.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during the first meiotic division in oogenesis?

    <p>One secondary oocyte and one polar body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of colchicine in cell biology?

    <p>To stop cell division at metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation specifically involves a change in a single base pair?

    <p>Point mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a balanced chromosomal rearrangement?

    <p>It results in an equal exchange of genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes germ-line mutations?

    <p>They can be passed to offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately defines aneuploidy?

    <p>An abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of somatic cells?

    <p>They do not contribute to genetic inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes a mutation that alters one part of a chromosome?

    <p>Chromosomal rearrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an unbalanced chromosomal rearrangement typically have on a cell?

    <p>It results in a decrease in genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of chromosomal mutations on development?

    <p>They can lead to developmental abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are mutations classified based on their location in the organism?

    <p>Somatic and germ-line mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Monohybrid Cross examine?

    <p>One trait across multiple generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes Incomplete Dominance?

    <p>Traits blend to form an intermediate phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Dihybrid Cross, what ratios are typically observed for phenotype?

    <p>9:3:3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Mendel's First Law?

    <p>It states that alleles segregate independently during gamete formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Epistasis refer to in genetics?

    <p>One gene masking the expression of another gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type is considered the universal donor?

    <p>Type O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes Codominance?

    <p>Both alleles are fully expressed without blending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Penetrance in genetics?

    <p>The degree to which a genetic trait manifests in individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nondisjunction can lead to which of the following?

    <p>Failure of chromatids to separate during meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the equation $2^n$ represent in genetics?

    <p>The potential number of gametes produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of dominance results in an intermediate phenotype in offspring?

    <p>Incomplete dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a parent has genotype $Tt$ and another parent has $tt$, what is the possible genotypic ratio of their offspring?

    <p>1:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a violation of Mendel's Second Law?

    <p>Genes located closely on the same chromosome being inherited together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what does the term 'Hypostatic Loci' refer to?

    <p>Loci that are masked by other genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Genetics Overview

    • Karyotype: full set of chromosomes in an organism
    • Vertical gene transfer: DNA exchange from parent to offspring
    • Horizontal gene transfer: DNA exchange between individuals of the same generation (mostly prokaryotes)
    • Germplasm refers to reproductive material that's passed down
    • Particulate inheritance: traits are inherited as discrete units, not blended
    • Mendel's Laws : 1st Law of Segregation, 2nd Law of Independent Assortment

    Probability

    • Simple probability: (number of desired outcomes)/(total possible outcomes)
    • Combined probability: depends on whether events are independent or mutually exclusive
    • Independent events ("and"): multiply individual probabilities
    • Mutually exclusive events ("either/or"): sum individual probabilities

    Prokaryotic Cell Cycle and Binary Fission

    • Binary fission: asexual reproduction in prokaryotes
    • Chromosome replication occurs during binary fission.
    • Prokaryotes don't have a nucleus
    • Prokaryotic replication is much quicker than eukaryotic

    Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Mitosis

    • Eukaryotes have a nucleus that contains chromosomes.
    • Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells
    • The process involves 4 stages
      • Interphase (growth period)
      • Prophase(chromosome condense)
      • Metaphase (chromosomes line up)
      • Anaphase (sister chromatids separate)
      • Telophase (chromosomes arrive at opposite poles)
      • Cytokinesis (cell division)

    Meiosis

    • Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes
    • Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division produces four genetically different daughter cells
    • Homologous chromosomes pair up during meiosis I
    • Crossing over exchange genetic material occurs
    • Sister chromatids separate during meiosis II
    • Diploid (2n) to haploid (n) gametes

    Sex Determination

    • Mechanisms: XO, XX/XY, ZW
    • Sex-linked genes: located on sex chromosomes, usually X
    • Dosage compensation: regulation of X-chromosome gene expression to balance expression in different sexes (in mammals, one X is inactivated)

    Genetic Mutations

    • Somatic mutations- occur in non-reproductive cells
    • Germline mutations - occur in reproductive cells
    • Point mutations: change in a single base pair
    • Chromosomal mutations: changes in chromosome structure (e.g., deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations)
    • Aneuploidy: abnormal number of chromosomes due to nondisjunction (e.g., monosomy, trisomy)
    • Polyploidy: having more than two sets of chromosomes (common in plants)

    Genetic Variation

    • Mutations: changes in the DNA sequence
    • Recombination generating new combinations of alleles
    • Errors in replication affecting the sequence
    • Non-random mating: changes in allelic frequencies
    • Natural Selection altering frequencies of alleles depending on their survival value
    • Gene Flow allele movement between populations

    Non-Mendelian Inheritance

    • Mitochondrial: passed down maternally
    • Maternal Effect: mother's genotype determines offspring phenotype
    • Genomic Imprinting: expression of a gene depends on which parent it's inherited from
    • Sex-limited/Sex-influenced traits: traits with different expression in each sex

    Genetic Regulation

    • Transcriptional Regulation: factors control if/how to transcribe gene
    • Epigenetics: modification of gene expression without changes in DNA sequence
    • Methylation, Histone modifications
    • RNA interference
    • Riboswitches (regulatory regions in mRNA)

    Genetic Technologies

    • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): to copy DNA fragments for analysis
    • DNA sequencing: to determine a DNA sequence
    • Transformation + Recombinant DNA: Combine DNA segments from different sources/species

    Human Genetics

    • Pedigrees: Family trees showing the inheritance of traits over generations
    • X-linked traits: gene on x-chromosome affects both males and females differently

    Bacterial Genetics/Horizontal Gene Transfer

    • Transformation
    • Transduction
    • Conjugation
    • Plasmids

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts of genetics and meiosis with this quiz. Questions cover gametes, chromosome numbers, and inheritance theories. Dive into the world of genetic makeup and understand the processes that shape heredity.

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