Biology Final Exam Study Materials 1

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What are lipids?

Fatty compounds that perform a variety of functions in your body.

What are the four major types of lipids?

Fats, Oils, Cholesterol, Waxes

Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids, Waxes (correct)

Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Carbohydrates, Waxes

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

Lipids are hydrophilic, meaning they attract water.

False

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds in their carbon chain, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fatty acid is typically solid at room temperature?

Saturated fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

What is a phospholipid?

A type of polar lipid that consists of two fatty acids, a glycerol unit, and a phosphate group. Signup and view all the answers

What is a steroid?

A type of lipid with a carbon skeleton in the form of four fused rings: three 6-sided rings and one 5-sided ring. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of steroids?

Natural steroids and synthetic anabolic steroids. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of natural steroids?

Build muscle tissue and other important bodily processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of synthetic anabolic steroids?

Promote the growth of skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

What are proteins?

Polymers that are made of amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four parts of an amino acid?

A carboxyl group (-COOH), an amino group (-NH2), a hydrogen atom (H), and a side chain (R group). Signup and view all the answers

How many types of amino acids are there?

20 Signup and view all the answers

How do proteins form?

Two amino acids join together through a dehydration reaction to form a peptide bond. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure of a protein?

The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

The folding of the polypeptide chain into simple shapes like spirals and sheets. Signup and view all the answers

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

The assembly of multiple polypeptide chains to form a functional protein. Signup and view all the answers

What are nucleic acids?

Polymers consisting of many nucleotide monomers that serve as blueprints for proteins and cellular structures. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA Signup and view all the answers

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is single-stranded. Signup and view all the answers

What is a gene?

A unit of inheritance encoded in a specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell theory?

All living things are composed of cells, the cell is the basic living unit of organization for all organisms, and all cells come from other cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major categories of cells?

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is found in bacteria and archaea?

Prokaryotic Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists?

Eukaryotic Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is cytosol?

The fluid substance that fills the cell and suspends cellular components. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of chromosomes?

To contain genetic material (DNA) with genes that instruct cellular functions and direct protein synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a vacuole?

To store water, food, or waste for the cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cell wall?

To provide rigidity, strength, protection against mechanical stress and infection. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of chloroplasts?

To carry out photosynthesis, the process of converting light energy into chemical energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of plastids?

To store products like starch and other substances. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of centrioles?

To act as anchors for the cytoskeleton, which plays a role in cell division and other functions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of mitochondria?

To produce ATP, the energy currency of the cell, through cellular respiration. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

To produce an enormous variety of molecules and transport them throughout the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

To modify proteins made by the cell and package them for export to other parts of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the arrangement of phospholipids in cell membranes?

Fluid mosaic model Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biology - Final Exam Study Materials (Semester 1)

Lipids: Lipids are fatty compounds with various functions in the body. They are hydrophobic (water-fearing), which makes them insoluble in water. Four major types are triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes. Triglycerides are found in animal fats and plant oils, consisting of fatty acids and glycerol. Phospholipids are crucial components of plasma membranes, having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. Steroids, like cholesterol and hormones, have a four-fused ring structure. Waxes are found in plant leaves, ear wax, and honeycomb. Saturated fats have no double bonds, which makes them solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond, being liquid at room temperature.

Proteins

Structure: Proteins are polymers made of amino acids bonded together. The unique side chains (R groups) of amino acids give each amino acid distinct chemical properties. The structure of a protein has four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids. Secondary structure involves folding patterns like alpha-helices and beta-sheets. Tertiary structure is the 3D shape formed by folding, and quaternary structure is formed when multiple polypeptide chains interact. Protein shape is sensitive to the environment. A change in temperature, pH, or other factors can cause a protein to unravel (lose its structure.)

Nucleic Acids

General Structure: Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides, serving as blueprints for proteins and cellular activities. Nucleotides consist of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. There are two main types: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). DNA and RNA have slightly different sugars and bases. Both are double stranded forming a helix. DNA stores genetic information, while RNA helps in protein synthesis.

Cell Categories

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic: Biologists classify all life into three domains. Prokaryotic cells are those of bacteria and archaea and lack a membrane-bound nucleus. Eukaryotic cells, those of protists, fungi, plants, and animals, have a membrane-bound nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are typically larger than prokaryotic cells and contain organelles. Prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, whereas Eukaryotic cells are much more complicated.

Cellular Structures

Prokaryotic: Key features of prokaryotic cells include a simple structure, a lack of nucleus, circular DNA, and no membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic cells are more complex, have a membrane-bound nucleus, linear DNA, internal membrane-bound organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and vacuoles, as well as a plasma membrane and cytosol.

Membrane Structure

Cell Membrane: The plasma membrane, a thin phospholipid bilayer, separates living cells from their surroundings. It is selectively permeable, allowing some substances to pass through while preventing others. Proteins and cholesterol embedded in the bilayer contribute to its structure and function, forming a fluid mosaic. The surface of most animal cells often contains cell junctions. Plant cells have a cell wall made of cellulose that surrounds the plasma membrane, contributing rigidity and protection..

Microscopes

Light Microscopes: Uses visible light and glass lenses to magnify up to 1,000x.
Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM): Uses an electron beam transmitted through thin samples for high resolution, up to 1,000,000x.
Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM): Uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample to acquire images of the surface texture, and provides high resolution for surface detail.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Prepare for your Biology semester 1 final exam with essential study materials covering key topics such as lipids and proteins. Understand the structures, functions, and types of these biological molecules to excel in your exam.