Biology Chapter on Lipids and Proteins
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Questions and Answers

Which type of lipid is formed primarily in the liver and found in cell membranes?

  • Lipoproteins (correct)
  • Saturated fats
  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids

What are simple lipids commonly known as?

  • Complex lipids
  • Derived fats
  • Neutral fats (correct)
  • Compounded fats

What distinguishes saturated fats from other types of fatty acids?

  • Composed solely of carbohydrates
  • Presence of double bonds
  • Absence of hydrogen addition (correct)
  • High water solubility

Which combination identifies a phospholipid?

<p>Fatty acids and nitrogenous bases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is glycerol's primary characteristic in triglycerides?

<p>It is an inconvertible carbohydrate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of fats are complex compounds found mostly in the brain and liver?

<p>Steroids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fatty acids should humans consume more of for health benefits?

<p>Omega-3 fatty acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the stomach regarding fat digestion?

<p>No major enzyme activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following food groups are considered 'real food'?

<p>Fish and shellfish (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of eliminating trans fats from the diet?

<p>Optimizes health and well-being (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What chronic health condition is primarily associated with the consumption of trans fats?

<p>Coronary heart disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do proteins play in repairing worn-out body tissue?

<p>They facilitate anabolism by repairing tissue damage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a way trans fats may negatively affect the body?

<p>Contribute to mental decline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of protein breaks down into only amino acids upon hydrolysis?

<p>Simple proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protein dissolves in a dilute salt solution but not in water?

<p>Globulins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fats are trans fats a substitute for?

<p>Animal fats or semi-solid plant fats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of complete protein?

<p>Legumes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is recommended for maintaining a healthy body?

<p>Regular liver flushes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods is most likely to contain trans fats?

<p>Bottled salad dressing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During pregnancy, how much additional protein is recommended compared to a non-pregnant woman?

<p>30 grams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient helps build and repair tissues in the body?

<p>Proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary health effect related to excessive protein intake?

<p>Osteoporosis risk increases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one step suggested for eliminating trans fats from the diet?

<p>Read labels on food products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary change is recommended to fight against the negative effects of trans fats?

<p>Opt for healthy types of fat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Marasmus in terms of dietary deficiency?

<p>Severe deprivation of both protein and energy over time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common component that proteins contain besides carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?

<p>Nitrogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a form of 'real food'?

<p>Soft drinks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential health effect is NOT typically associated with trans fat consumption?

<p>Improved lung function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which measure is used to assess the quality of protein?

<p>Biologic value (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lipoproteins primarily composed of?

<p>Proteins and triglycerides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of high protein intake for individuals with kidney disease?

<p>Higher excretion of protein metabolites (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines primary-derived proteins?

<p>Formation from natural proteins with no breakdown of peptide bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary source of linoleic acid?

<p>Corn oil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fatty acids are known to raise blood cholesterol levels?

<p>Palmitic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What health benefit is associated with omega-3 polyunsaturated fats?

<p>Lower blood cholesterol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a true statement regarding the consumption of cholesterol for individuals with heart disease risk factors?

<p>They should limit intake to a maximum of 300 milligrams daily. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of hydrogenation in the production of trans fats?

<p>To create solid fats with high melting points. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between fat and cancer development?

<p>Fat can promote cancer once it has arisen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods contains cholesterol?

<p>Dairy products (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the daily intake of linoleic acid be in infant formulas?

<p>3% of total calories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protein dissolves in weak acids and alkalis but not in neutral solvents?

<p>Glutelins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes prolamins from other protein types?

<p>They dissolve in 70% to 80% alcohol. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trans fats are primarily found in which types of food products?

<p>Baked goods and fried foods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of proteins are essential for protein synthesis in the cytoplasm?

<p>Nucleoproteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following dietary sources provides protein, but is not considered to be high-quality?

<p>Bread (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins contains non-protein pigments?

<p>Chromoproteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of albuminoids in terms of solubility?

<p>They do not dissolve in any neutral solvents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of derived protein?

<p>Metalloproteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Simple Lipids

Basic fats, also known as triglycerides, composed of glycerol and fatty acids.

Compound Lipids

Fats combined with other components like phosphoric acid, carbohydrates, or proteins.

Phospholipids

A type of compound lipid that includes fatty acids, phosphoric acid, and nitrogenous bases. Found in cell membranes.

Steroids

A class of fat that contains sterols, like cholesterol. Found in body tissues, especially the brain and liver.

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Glycerol

A water-soluble component of triglycerides that cannot be converted into carbohydrates.

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Saturated Fats

Those with no hydrogen added, abundant in animal products.

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Monounsaturated Fats

Those with at least one double bond between carbon atoms. Common in vegetable oils.

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Polyunsaturated Fats

Those with two or more double bonds. Common in vegetable oils like sunflower oil and corn oil.

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Linoleic Acid (Omega-6)

A type of fatty acid that is converted to arachidonic acid in the body. Found in vegetable oils like corn, safflower, soybean, and cottonseed, as well as poultry fats.

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Linolenic Acid (Omega-3)

A type of fatty acid that is converted to EPA and DHA in the body. Essential for growth, development, and preventing heart disease, hypertension, arthritis, and cancer. Found in oils like flaxseed, canola, walnut, and wheat germ, as well as nuts, seeds, and vegetables like soybeans.

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Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fats

Fats that are mainly found in oily fish like salmon, tuna, and mackerel. They can help lower blood cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease.

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Trans Fats

A type of fatty acid that is created by adding hydrogen to liquid vegetable oils. Found in processed foods and can increase the risk of heart disease.

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Cholesterol

A substance found in animal products that can raise blood cholesterol levels. It's recommended to limit cholesterol intake if you have risk factors for heart disease.

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Maximum Cholesterol Intake (No Risk Factors)

The recommended daily intake of cholesterol for people without risk factors for heart disease. It's important to limit cholesterol intake to reduce the risk of heart disease.

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Glutelins

Proteins that dissolve in weak acids and alkalis, solidify when heated, and don't dissolve in neutral solvents.

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Prolamins

Proteins soluble in 70-80% alcohol, but not in water, absolute alcohol, or salt solutions.

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Albuminoids

Proteins that don't dissolve in neutral solvents, dilute acids, or alkalis.

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Compound proteins/Conjugated proteins

Simple proteins combined with a non-protein substance called a prosthetic group.

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Nucleoproteins

Proteins combined with nucleic acids, crucial for protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

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Mucoproteins/Glycoproteins

Proteins combined with large amounts of complex polysaccharides, like mucin found in gastric secretions.

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Lipoproteins

Proteins bonded to triglycerides, phospholipids, or cholesterol, found in cell and organelle membranes.

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Phosphoproteins

Proteins linked to phosphoric acid, like casein in milk.

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Albumins

These proteins dissolve in water and solidify when heated. Examples include egg albumin and serum albumin.

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Globulins

These proteins do not dissolve in water, but they do dissolve in a dilute salt solution and solidify when heated. Examples include globulins in blood serum and certain plant seeds.

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Simple Proteins

Proteins that break down into only amino acids when they undergo hydrolysis. They include albumins and globulins.

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Proteins

These proteins are essential for the structure and functions of all living cells. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

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Protein Hydrolysis

A process where proteins are broken down into their individual amino acids. This occurs in our digestive system when we consume protein-rich foods.

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Essential Fatty Acids

Essential fatty acids are important for health and cannot be produced by the body. They must be obtained from food sources. Examples include omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids found in fish oil, nuts, and seeds.

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Detoxification

A process that involves removing toxins from the body. This can involve colon cleansing, liver flushes, and taking supplements.

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Liver Detoxification

The liver is a vital organ that plays a crucial role in filtering toxins from the blood. It removes harmful substances from the body, enabling proper functioning.

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Protein's role in tissue building

The process of building new tissues using amino acids as building blocks.

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Protein as an energy source

Proteins provide energy when the body needs it, similar to carbohydrates and fats.

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Protein's role in bodily secretions

Proteins are essential components of various bodily fluids, like hormones and enzymes.

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Protein's role in osmotic relations

Proteins help maintain the balance of fluids in different parts of the body, ensuring proper functioning.

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Protein's role in disease resistance

Proteins, particularly antibodies, are critical in protecting the body from diseases by recognizing and fighting harmful invaders.

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Protein's role in metabolism

Proteins provide the amino acids needed for various metabolic processes in the body, such as building new molecules and repairing tissues.

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Marasmus

A type of protein deficiency characterized by severe malnutrition and significant weight loss, primarily caused by insufficient protein and energy intake over a prolonged period.

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Kwashiorkor

A type of protein deficiency that develops rapidly, often due to protein deficiency or illness, displaying symptoms like swelling due to fluid retention.

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What are trans fats?

Trans fats, also known as hydrogenated oils, are artificially created fats by adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats. They are commonly found in processed foods like baked goods, salad dressings, and fried foods.

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What are the health risks of consuming trans fats?

Trans fats can contribute to chronic diseases including coronary heart disease, cancer, diabetes, liver toxicity, and obesity. They may also accelerate aging, weaken the immune system, and damage organs.

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How do trans fats affect mental health?

Trans fats can increase the risk of developing mental health issues such as autism, depression, attention deficit disorders, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease.

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How do trans fats affect the immune system?

Trans fats can increase the risk of developing arthritis and autoimmune diseases.

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Where are trans fats commonly found?

Trans fats are commonly found in processed foods like bottled salad dressing, chips, cookies, margarine, and deep-fat fried foods.

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How can I replace trans fats with healthy fats?

Replacing trans fats with healthier fats, such as those found in olive oil, avocados, and nuts, is a crucial step in promoting heart health.

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How can I avoid trans fats?

Reading food labels carefully and avoiding products containing partially hydrogenated oils or hydrogenated oils is key to avoiding trans fats.

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Why are these changes important?

Making positive changes like eliminating trans fats and substituting them with healthier fats can have a significant impact on overall well-being.

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Study Notes

Macronutrients

  • Macronutrients are nutrients the body needs in large quantities to supply energy and maintain structure and systems.
  • The three main macronutrients are carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (typically in a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen).
  • They range from simple sugars (3-7 carbon atoms) to complex polymers.
  • Carbohydrates are the body's primary energy source—providing 80% to 100% of caloric intake.

Classification of Carbohydrates

  • Monosaccharides: Simple sugars; examples include glucose (dextrose), fructose (levulose), and galactose.
    • Glucose is the body's primary fuel source.
    • Fructose is converted to glucose.
    • Galactose is not found freely in foods but is converted to glucose.
    • These are absorbed directly into the bloodstream from the small intestine without digestion.
  • Disaccharides: Double sugars; examples include sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose.
    • These must undergo hydrolysis to be broken down into simple sugars before absorption.
  • Polysaccharides: Complex sugars; examples include starch, dextrins, cellulose, fiber, and glycogen.
    • Starch is the most important polysaccharide, serving as a main source of energy and found in grains, potatoes, and legumes.
    • Starch converts to glucose during digestion.
    • Dextrins are intermediate breakdown products of starch.
    • Cellulose provides dietary bulk, aids digestion, and stimulates peristalsis. Sources include vegetable stems, leaves, and coverings.
    • Soluble fiber can delay gastric transit and glucose absorption.
    • Insoluble fiber accelerates gastric transit, increases fecal weight, and slows starch hydrolysis.
    • Pectins are non-digestible, gel-like polysaccharides found in fruits; used in jellies to treat diarrhea; bind cholesterol, reducing absorption.
    • Glycogen is also known as animal starch, formed from glucose and stored in liver and muscle tissues. Used for energy production.

Carbohydrate Digestion

  • Mouth: Amylase, an enzyme in saliva, begins the breakdown of starch into dextrins and maltose.
  • Stomach: No enzymes for carbohydrate digestion; ptyalin (salivary amylase) action may continue a little.
  • Small Intestine: Amylopsin, a pancreatic enzyme, breaks down starch further. Intestinal juice contains disaccharidases (sucrase, lactase, maltase) that break disaccharides into monosaccharides in preparation for absorption.

Fats / Lipids

  • Fats are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
  • Fats constitute a class of fat and fat-related compounds called lipids.
  • Fats supply a more concentrated source of energy than carbohydrates.
  • Fats surround and protect vital organs from shock and injury.
  • Fats help maintain body temperature.
  • Fats facilitate the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K).
  • Fats create satiety and delay hunger sensations.

Fat Classification

  • Simple Lipids: Neutral fats (e.g. triglyerides).
  • Compound Lipids: Combinations of fats and other components (e.g. phospholipids, glycolipids, lipoproteins).
    • Phospholipids consist of fatty acids, phosphoric acids and nitrogenous bases.
    • Glycolipids consist of fatty acids combined with carbohydrates and nitrogenous bases.
    • Lipoproteins are made up of lipids and proteins; found in cell and organelle membranes.
  • Derived Fats: Derivatives resulting from fat digestion or other complex products (e.g., glycerol, sterols).
    • Glycerol is a water soluble component of triglycerides, and is inconvertible with carbohydrates.
    • Steroids are a class of fat-related substances containing sterols. They're complex fat-like compounds found in body tissues, especially the brain, nerve tissues, bile, blood and the liver where most cholesterol is synthesized.

Fatty Acids

  • Fatty acids are the key refined fuel forms of fats that cells use for energy.
  • Saturated fatty acids: no hydrogen can be added; abundant in animals.
  • Monounsaturated fatty acids: have a double bond between two carbon atoms.
  • Polyunsaturated fatty acids: have two or more double bonds.

Omega-6 / Omega-3 Ratio

  • Plants produce omega-3 and omega-6 oils, but omega-6 is more common.
  • Humans should consume more omega-3 fatty acids from sources like cod liver oil, mackerel, or fish.

Fat Digestion

  • Mouth: Mechanical mastication
  • Stomach: Mechanical separation of fats, and some fatty acids. Small amounts of gastric lipase.
  • Small Intestine: Emulsification by bile salts. Pancreatic lipase breaks triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.

Protein

  • Proteins are essential for building and repairing tissues, producing enzymes, and creating hormones.
  • Proteins come from the Greek word "protos" meaning primary or first in rank.
  • Proteins are vital for the structure and function of all living cells.
  • Protein structure is determined by the unique sequence and arrangement of amino acids.

Protein Classification

  • Simple Proteins: Amino acids only when hydrolyzed. Examples include albumins, globulins, glutelins and prolamins, albuminoids, histones, protamines.
  • Compound Proteins: Combination of simple proteins and a non-protein substance (prostetic group). Examples include nucleoproteins, mucoproteins, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, phosphoproteins, chromoproteins, and metalloproteins.
  • Derived Proteins: Products from the hydrolysis of proteins; categorized into primary-derived proteins (denatured proteins) and secondary-derived proteins which are results from partial hydrolysis of proteins (e.g., proteoses, peptones, polypeptides, and peptides).

Protein Digestion

  • Mouth: Mechanical mastication
  • Stomach: Pepsin breaks down proteins, and activated by the hydrochloric acid.
  • Small Intestine: Pancreatic enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases) break proteins down into peptides and amino acids, absorbed. Intestinal enzymes (aminopeptidase, dipeptidase) further break peptides and dipeptides into amino acids for absorption.
  • Daily recommendations for protein intake vary based on age, gender, pregnancy, and lactation.

Protein Sources

  • Complete proteins include meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, and cheese.
  • Incomplete proteins include legumes and nuts.
  • Some grains and cereals may also provide some protein.

Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

  • PEM is a condition related to insufficient intake of protein and or energy.
  • Two forms of PEM include marasmus (long deprivation of food) and kwashiorkor (sudden deprivation of food).

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This quiz covers essential topics related to lipids and proteins, including their structures, functions, and health implications. Test your knowledge on saturated and unsaturated fats, phospholipids, and the roles of proteins in the body. Ideal for students studying biology or nutrition.

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