Biology Final Exam Notes

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Questions and Answers

A patient has damage to their medulla oblongata. Which of the following functions would be most affected?

Relay of sensory impulses and coordination of body movements.
Control of heartbeat and involuntary responses. (correct)
Coordination of motor impulses and balance.
Regulation of body temperature and hormone secretion.

Which of the following accurately describes the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

Both systems increase blood pressure, but they affect respiratory rate differently.
The sympathetic system activates the body in emergencies, and the parasympathetic system returns the body to normal. (correct)
Both systems stimulate digestion, but they have opposite effects on heart rate.
The sympathetic system prepares the body for rest, while the parasympathetic system prepares it for activity.

How do hormones influence target cells, leading to specific physiological responses?

By directly altering the DNA sequence within the target cell's nucleus.
By blocking the transport of molecules across the cell membrane.
By binding to specific receptors on or in target cells, triggering responses like enzyme activation. (correct)
By indiscriminately increasing the metabolic rate of all cells they encounter.

A person is experiencing difficulty with maintaining balance and coordinating movements. Which part of the brain is most likely affected?

Cerebellum (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the stimulus-response pathway, what is the correct sequence of events after receptors are activated?

Receptors → PNS → CNS → PNS → Effectors (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the function of interneurons?

Reflexively pulling your hand away from a hot stove. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands in the vertebrate endocrine system?

Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands use ducts to secrete substances. (D) Signup and view all the answers

If a plant hormone promotes cell division and delays aging, which hormone is most likely responsible?

Cytokinin (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the role of the thalamus in the central nervous system?

Relaying sensory impulses and coordinating body movements. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes bone remodeling?

It involves osteoclasts breaking down bone and osteoblasts building new bone. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the epiglottis during digestion?

To block the trachea during swallowing, preventing choking. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which process converts physical or chemical stimuli into electrical signals in neurons?

Transduction (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does sunlight influence stem growth in plants, according to the information provided?

Sunlight reduces auxin on the lit side, causing cells on the shaded side to elongate. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is responsible for lowering blood calcium levels?

Calcitonin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of villi and microvilli in the small intestine?

To increase the surface area for nutrient absorption. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Primary Function of the Nervous System?

Integration, coordination, and response to internal/external stimuli.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain and spinal cord; responsible for information processing and acting as a central command post.