Questions and Answers
What is the biosphere?
What is a cell?
Basic unit of life
What is cell specialization?
The process in which cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks
Define eukaryotes.
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What does homeostasis mean?
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List the levels of structural organization.
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What are populations?
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What are prokaryotes?
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Define species.
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What are the themes of biology?
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What are controlled experiments?
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What is data in the context of biology?
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What is a hypothesis?
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What is a conclusion in scientific research?
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What is an inference?
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Define theory in scientific terms.
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What are variables in an experiment?
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What is atomic mass?
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Define atomic number.
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What are chemical reactions?
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What are compounds?
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Define ions.
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What are isotopes?
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What are nonpolar molecules?
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What is pH a measure of?
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Define polar molecules.
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What are products in a chemical reaction?
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What are radioactive isotopes?
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Define reactants.
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What is a solute?
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What is a solution?
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What is a solvent?
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List the subatomic particles and their characteristics.
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What are the types of chemical bonds?
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What are amino acids?
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What are carbohydrates?
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What is a catalyst?
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What is an enzyme?
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What are inorganic molecules?
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What are lipids?
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What are nucleic acids?
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Study Notes
Key Biological Concepts
- Biosphere: Encompasses all regions of Earth where life exists, including land, water, and atmosphere.
- Cell: Fundamental unit of life, serving as the building blocks of all living organisms.
- Cell Specialization: The process by which cells differentiate to fulfill various functions, contributing to complex organism functionality.
- Eukaryotes: Organisms with one or more cells featuring a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, e.g., animals, plants.
- Prokaryotes: Simplistic, single-celled organisms without a membrane-bound nucleus, e.g., bacteria.
- Homeostasis: Mechanisms that organisms employ to maintain stable internal environments despite external changes.
Organization of Life
- Levels of Structural Organization: Hierarchical categorization including Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.
- Populations: Entities comprising groups of individuals from the same species residing in the same geographical area.
- Species: Groups of similar organisms capable of breeding and producing fertile offspring.
Research and Experimentation
- Controlled Experiments: Experimental setups that manipulate one variable at a time to isolate effects.
- Hypothesis: Proposed explanation based on initial observations, forming the basis for further experimentation.
- Data: Collected information derived from observations that inform conclusions.
- Conclusion: Summarization of findings, re-evaluating the hypothesis and suggesting alternative approaches if needed.
- Inference: Logical deductions drawn from collected data.
Chemical Foundations
- Atomic Mass: Total mass of an atom, calculated as the sum of its protons and neutrons, expressed in atomic mass units.
- Atomic Number: Unique count of protons in an atom's nucleus that defines the element.
- Chemical Reactions: Processes involving the breaking and formation of chemical bonds, resulting in new substances.
- Compounds: Substances formed from the combination of two or more elements.
- Ions: Atoms with an electrical charge due to loss or gain of electrons.
- Isotopes: Variants of the same element that differ in neutron count.
Molecular Properties
- Polar Molecules: Molecules with uneven charge distribution, allowing for specific interactions with other polar substances.
- Nonpolar Molecules: Molecules that maintain an even distribution of charge, resulting in no polarization.
- pH: Numerical scale measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, critical for biological processes.
Biological Macromolecules
- Amino Acids: Basic units of proteins, playing roles in building tissues and energy production.
- Carbohydrates: Primary energy source for organisms, including sugars and starches.
- Lipids: A diverse group of nonpolar molecules insoluble in water; include fats and oils.
- Nucleic Acids: Large organic molecules essential for storing and transmitting genetic information; include DNA and RNA.
Catalysts and Reactions
- Catalyst: Substance that accelerates a chemical reaction without being consumed.
- Enzyme: Biocatalysts that are specialized proteins enhancing reaction rates, vital for metabolic processes.
Types of Chemical Bonds
- Types of Chemical Bonds: Include hydrogen bonds (weak attractions), covalent bonds (shared electrons), and ionic bonds (transfer of electrons).
Additional Concepts
- Radioactive Isotopes: Unstable isotopes that undergo decay, transforming into more stable forms of different elements.
- Solute: Substance dissolved in a solution, generally present in lesser quantities.
- Solvent: Substance, often a liquid, in which solutes are dissolved to form a solution.
- Solution: Homogeneous mixture resulting from the dissolution of a solute in a solvent.
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Prepare for your biology exam with these concise flashcards. Each card highlights key terms and definitions related to the biosphere, cells, and cell specialization. Perfect for quick revisions and enhancing your understanding of fundamental biological concepts.