Biology Exam Review Flashcards

Questions and Answers

A kidney cell is an example of what kind of cell?

Somatic cell

How many chromosomes are in a human gamete?

Which of the following statements is true of homologous chromosomes?

They contain the same genes

What happens to sister chromatids in meiosis II?

They are divided Signup and view all the answers

Gametogenesis is the term for?

The production of gametes Signup and view all the answers

Mendel began his experiment with purebred pea plants. This approach enabled him to determine that variations among offspring were the results of?

His crossing Signup and view all the answers

When Mendel crossed plants that were purebred purple-flowered with plants that were purebred white-flowered, what traits were observed in the F generation?

Purple flowers, as well as white flowers upon self-pollination Signup and view all the answers

Mendel was able to identify predictable patterns of heredity mainly because he chose to study traits that?

Had only two forms Signup and view all the answers

Hair color and eye color are examples of a person's?

Phenotype Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase best describes the process of crossing over?

Pairs of homologous chromosomes exchange segments Signup and view all the answers

The genetic material of a cell is contained in its?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What must happen before a cell can enter prophase?

Chromosomes must be copied Signup and view all the answers

During mitosis, two chromatids together form?

A duplicated chromosome Signup and view all the answers

The function of a cell's nucleus is to?

Protect and control access to DNA Signup and view all the answers

What process is illustrated in figure 6.2?

Asexual reproduction Signup and view all the answers

If an organism's cells all contain the same DNA, why does one cell become bone while another cell becomes lung tissue?

When DNA is copied, different strands get different instructions Signup and view all the answers

When offspring are produced through sexual reproduction, offspring traits can often be predicted by observing the traits of?

Its parents Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis produces cells with how many chromosomes?

23 Signup and view all the answers

A distinguishing characteristic that can be inherited is a?

Trait Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phrases describes the Punnett square in figure 6.1?

Monohybrid heterozygous - heterozygous cross Signup and view all the answers

Which law states that organisms inherit two copies of each gene and donate one copy to each of their offspring?

Law of segregation Signup and view all the answers

Mendel knew that the variations in the offspring generations resulted from his experiments because he?

Controlled the fertilization process Signup and view all the answers

Which pair of genes in figure 6.2 would be most likely to be inherited together?

A and B Signup and view all the answers

Mendel's second law of genetics, the law of independent assortment, is one explanation of the?

Genetic variation within the species Signup and view all the answers

Mendel's observation that traits are inherited separately was based on which set of experiments?

Testcrosses Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of the cell cycle do the nucleus and its contents divide?

Mitosis Signup and view all the answers

During the gap 1 stage of the cell cycle, a cell?

Carries out its normal function Signup and view all the answers

Cytokinesis refers to?

Division of cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the rates of cell division in eukaryotes?

They vary greatly within organisms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following limits the maximum size of a cell?

The ratio of a cell surface area to volume Signup and view all the answers

The process of mitosis and cytokinesis produces two identical?

Daughter cells Signup and view all the answers

The process of organizing and condensing DNA into its compact form takes place at the start of?

Mitosis Signup and view all the answers

Which is the term for the group of proteins that organizes and condenses long strands of DNA into tight coils?

Histones Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate from each other?

Anaphase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true of cytokinesis?

Completes the process of cell division Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Types and Chromosomes

A kidney cell is classified as a somatic cell, which makes up the body's tissues.
Human gametes contain 23 chromosomes, half the number found in somatic cells.
Homologous chromosomes share the same genes, important for genetic diversity.

Meiosis and Gametogenesis

Sister chromatids are separated during meiosis II, ensuring genetic variation in gametes.
Gametogenesis refers to the process of producing gametes, crucial for sexual reproduction.
Meiosis results in cells that have 23 chromosomes, essential for maintaining species' chromosome number during reproduction.

Mendelian Genetics

Mendel used purebred pea plants to identify that variations in offspring come from controlled crosses.
The F1 generation from purple and white flowered plants all had purple flowers; self-pollination of this generation led to both purple and white flowers, indicating traits are inherited as discrete units.
Mendel recognized predictable patterns of heredity by studying traits with only two forms, simplifying genetic analysis.

Genetic Expressions and Traits

Phenotype, visible traits like hair and eye color, results from genetic expression.
Crossing over is a process where homologous chromosomes exchange segments, facilitating genetic diversity.
The nucleus safeguards and manages access to the genetic material (DNA) within the cell.

Cell Cycle and Division

Before prophase, chromosomes must be copied to prepare for cell division.
During mitosis, two chromatids together form a duplicated chromosome, which enables proper distribution of genetic material.
The division of the cytoplasm, known as cytokinesis, occurs after mitosis to produce two identical daughter cells.

Genetic Laws and Variability

The law of segregation explains that organisms inherit two gene copies and pass one to their offspring, impacting trait inheritance.
Mendel's law of independent assortment accounts for genetic variation among species by suggesting that traits are inherited separately.
Testcross experiments helped Mendel confirm the independent inheritance of traits.

Cell Size and Function

The maximum size of a cell is limited by the ratio of surface area to volume, affecting nutrient and waste exchange.
Rates of cell division vary greatly within eukaryotic organisms, influencing growth and development.
During the G1 phase of the cell cycle, cells perform their normal functions while preparing for division.

Proteins and DNA Organization

Histones are proteins that organize and condense long strands of DNA into tight coils, necessary for cell division.
Anaphase is the stage of mitosis where sister chromatids separate, ensuring each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.

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Description

Prepare for your biology exam with these flashcards that cover essential concepts such as somatic cells, gametes, and meiosis. Test your knowledge on chromosomes and homologous pairs to strengthen your understanding. Ideal for students looking to review key topics in cellular biology.