Chromosomes and Cell Division Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which process is primarily associated with a reduction in chromosome number?

  • Meiosis (correct)
  • Mitosis
  • Binary Fission
  • Chromosomal Duplication

Which of the following processes produces four daughter cells?

  • Cytokinesis
  • Snippet of DNA replication
  • Meiosis (correct)
  • Mitosis

What event occurs during meiosis but not mitosis?

  • Chromosome duplication
  • Crossing over (correct)
  • Production of identical daughter cells
  • Cell division

Which process is primarily involved in growth and asexual reproduction?

<p>Mitosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about meiosis is false?

<p>It produces identical daughter cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of meiosis in terms of genetic diversity?

<p>It leads to the formation of genetically unique daughter cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

<p>Prophase 1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the haploid number of chromosomes in human gametes?

<p>23 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the process of forming male gametes?

<p>Spermatogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines a gene?

<p>A piece of DNA that codes for protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells undergo meiosis?

<p>Germ cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism during meiosis promotes genetic variation through the independent assortment of chromosomes?

<p>Independent assortment in Metaphase 1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At the end of mitosis, how many cells are formed?

<p>2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

<p>23 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a somatic cell has 12 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be in its gametes?

<p>6 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the entire amount of DNA in an organism's cells?

<p>Genome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do cells undergo mitosis?

<p>For growth and repair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diploid number if the haploid number is 4?

<p>8 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of having small cells in terms of efficiency?

<p>They can perform specialized functions more effectively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must occur for a single cell to develop into trillions of cells?

<p>Repeated cycles of mitosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

<p>To ensure cells are ready to progress and to prevent defective cells from dividing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes cells that divide uncontrollably?

<p>Cancer cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the spread of cancer to other parts of the body?

<p>Metastasis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the abbreviation for diploid cells?

<p>2n. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of chromosomes are found in somatic cells?

<p>Homologous pairs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of telomeres in chromosomes?

<p>To protect the ends of chromosomes from deterioration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by an extra chromosome at #18 due to nondisjunction?

<p>Edward’s Syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to chromosomes during nondisjunction?

<p>Chromosomes do not separate properly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the sex chromosomes of a male?

<p>XY (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation is considered worse, and why?

<p>Chromosomal mutations because they affect multiple genes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of gene C relocating to another part of the chromosome?

<p>A different protein may be produced (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the proteins if gene A is deleted from the chromosome?

<p>Proteins encoded by gene A will not be made (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one form of chromosomal mutation that involves a section of a chromosome being reversed?

<p>Inversion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a genetic counselor determine if other somatic cells will exhibit the same chromosomal condition?

<p>By recognizing that somatic cells arise from mitosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many daughter cells are produced by one cell during mitosis?

<p>Two (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?

<p>DNA is replicated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of cytokinesis in the cell cycle?

<p>To divide the cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase comes immediately after Anaphase in the cell cycle?

<p>Telophase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the size of daughter cells immediately after cytokinesis compared to their original parent cell?

<p>Smaller than (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA not present in its duplicated form?

<p>Telophase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phases are included in Interphase?

<p>G1, S, G2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sister chromatids during cell division?

<p>They separate to become daughter chromosomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Chromosome

A strand of coiled-up DNA containing genetic information.

Homologous pair

A pair of chromosomes that have the same genes, one from each parent.

Centromere

The region where sister chromatids are joined.

Telomeres

Protective caps at the ends of chromosomes.

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Diploid

Cells that have two sets of chromosomes (2n).

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Haploid

Cells that have only one set of chromosomes (n).

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Gametes

Reproductive cells, such as sperm and egg cells.

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Somatic cell

Any cell in the body that is not a sex cell.

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Genome

The total amount of DNA in a cell, organized into pairs of chromosomes.

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Gene

A specific region of DNA that provides instructions for making a protein.

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Mitosis

The process where a cell divides its nucleus into two identical nuclei, creating two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes.

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Homologous chromosomes

Pairs of chromosomes with the same genes, one from each parent.

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Cytokinesis

The process where the cytoplasm of a cell divides, creating two daughter cells.

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G1 phase

The phase of the cell cycle when the cell grows and makes more cytoplasm.

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S phase

The phase of the cell cycle when the DNA in each chromosome is replicated, creating two identical copies.

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Anaphase

The phase of mitosis where the two copies of each chromosome are separated to opposite ends of the cell.

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Metaphase

The stage of mitosis where all chromosomes are lined up along the middle of the cell.

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Telophase

the stage of mitosis where the nuclear membrane begins to reform around the chromosomes. The chromosomes start to decondense.

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Interphase

The phase of the cell cycle that includes the G1, S, and G2 phases.

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Nondisjunction

The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis II, resulting in daughter cells with an incorrect number of chromosomes.

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Edwards Syndrome

A genetic condition characterized by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 18, caused by nondisjunction during meiosis.

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Inversion

A chromosomal abnormality where a segment of a chromosome is flipped and reattached in the opposite order.

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Duplication

A chromosomal abnormality where a section of a chromosome is duplicated, leading to an extra copy of genes.

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Translocation

A chromosomal abnormality where a segment of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a non-homologous chromosome.

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Deletion

A chromosomal abnormality where a portion of a chromosome is missing.

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Which is worse: chromosomal or gene mutation?

Chromosomal mutations are typically more detrimental than gene mutations due to the impact on multiple genes.

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What does a gene code for?

The specific protein that is encoded by a particular gene.

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Spermatogenesis

The process of forming sperm cells; occurs in the testes; results in four unique haploid sperm cells.

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Oogenesis

The process of forming egg cells; occurs in the ovaries; results in one unique haploid egg cell and three polar bodies.

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Fertilization

The fertilization of an egg by a sperm cell, resulting in a diploid zygote.

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Crossing over

A process that occurs during Meiosis I where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, resulting in new combinations of genes.

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Study Notes

Chromosomes, Karyotypes, Mitosis and Meiosis

  • Your body has trillions of cells, not one large one. Small cells are more efficient due to a higher surface area to volume ratio, enabling specialization.
  • A single zygote undergoes multiple rounds of mitosis to develop into all the cells in your body. All cells have the same chromosomes (genes), but different cells express different genes.
  • Uncontrollable cell division is called cancer.
  • Cancer that spreads is called metastasis.
  • Cell checkpoints (G1, G2, and M checkpoints) ensure cells are ready to proceed in the cell cycle and prevent defective cells.

Chromosome Basics

  • Chromosome: A coiled strand of DNA containing genetic information.
  • Homologous pair: Two chromosomes that carry similar genes.
  • Somatic cell: Any cell in the body except sex cells (e.g., muscle, skin).
  • Gametes: Sex cells (egg and sperm).
  • Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes (2n).
  • Haploid: Having one set of chromosomes (n).
  • Telomeres: Protective caps at the ends of chromosomes.
  • Centromere: The region where sister chromatids join.
  • 23: Number of homologous chromosome pairs in humans.

Mitosis

  • Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells. It involves growth, repair, and maintenance.
  • Cell division is driven by three main reasons: growth, repair, and to maintain cells small for efficiency of cell and function.

Meiosis

  • Meiosis results in four genetically unique haploid daughter cells and it is related to sexual reproduction.
  • Differences from mitosis include (1) crossing-over in Prophase I. (2) homologous chromosome pairing, and (3) independent assortment of chromosomes in Metaphase I. The four resulting cells are each genetically unique and haploid because they differ from the parent cell compared to mitosis where the daughter cells are identical and diploid.

Karyotypes

  • A karyotype displays the chromosomes of an organism. Homologous chromosomes are arranged in pairs.
  • 46 total chromosomes in humans. 23 homologous pairs.

Mutations

  • Chromosomal mutations are generally worse than gene mutations due to the impact on many genes.
  • Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes fail to separate correctly.

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Chromosomes, Karyotypes, Mitosis & Meiosis Study Guide PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on chromosomes, karyotypes, and the processes of mitosis and meiosis. This quiz covers essential concepts related to cell structure, division, and genetic information. Understand the differences between somatic cells, gametes, and the implications of uncontrolled cell division.

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